MARINE SCIENCE2016-17
SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW
1.Technical innovations invented by the ____ for voyaging, included the compass, central rudder, and watertight compartment.
2.Where is the present day “zero longitude”?
3. Which technological innovation was used by Prince Henry the Navigator's explorers to aid in discovering new trade routes?
4. What was Christopher Columbus’s main goal when he first traveled across the Atlantic Ocean?
5. Whose expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe?
6. Which country sponsored the first scientific oceanographic expedition?
7. Who is considered the first marine scientist?
8. What expedition confirmed Antarctica as a continent?
9. What is the cool, rigid, outer layer of Earth that is comprised of continental and oceanic crusts and the uppermost mantle?
10.Oceanographers and seismologists further explored the theory of continental drift during the early- to mid-twentieth century by correlating patterns of earthquakes and ____.
11. In the mid-twentieth century, oceanographers used what devices to map the ocean floor?
12. The combined ideas of continental drift and seafloor spreading led to which overriding concept?
13. The theory of plate tectonics describes the movement of the lithosphere floating atop which of Earth's layers?
14. Within Earth's mantle, convection cells move lithospheric plates toward ____ and away from ____.
15. Which landscape is an example of a divergent boundary?
16. New ocean basins are formed from which of these geologic features?
17. Crust is neither created nor destroyed at which types of plate boundaries?
18. Hot spots are responsible for the formation of what type of geological feature?
19. What instrument used during the early part of the twentieth century improved the accuracy of ocean depth measurements compared to the rope and weight?
20. What do satellites measure that provides data for seafloor topographical mapping?
21. What marks the true division between continents and oceans?
22. What is the most likely rock to be found in a drill core of a continental margin?
23. What region of a continental margin blends into the deep-ocean basin?
24. What is a typical characteristic of passive margins?
25. What geological feature is often found at active margins?
26. Most geologists believe that submarine canyons have been formed by ____.
27. _____ lie between the continental margins and the oceanic ridges.
28. What feature distinguishes a guyot from a seamount?
29. Which of the following is not a type of reef?
fringing barrier lagoon atoll
30. What process gives trenches their unique arc-shaped depressions?
31. Where is the deepest region in the ocean?
32. Where are abyssal plains most common?
33. What is the best-known and oldest deep-diving manned research submersible now in operation?
34. The discovery and study of ocean floor topography is called ______.
35. Oceanic crust is primarily ______rock.
36. The ______is the submerged outer edge of a continent.
37. The continental ______is the steeper region of a continental margin.
38. The age of the rock at spreading centers becomes ______with distance from the center.
39. What are bonds that are formed by the sharing of paired electrons?
40. The _____ of water allows individual water molecules to stick together.
41. What is responsible for the capillary action of water?
42. What property of water is responsible for the amount of time it takes for water to boil?
43. What allows ice to float?
44. What type of waves are tides?
45. Why does the moon have more of an impact on tides than the sun?
46. What is the net force of inertia and gravitational attraction combined?
47. What type of tide will result from the sun and moon forming a right angle with Earth?
48. What type of tidal pattern exists on the east coast of the United States, which experiences two high tides and two low tides of similar heights every day?
49. What is the tidal datum in reference to regions with semidiurnal tides?
50. What has a large impact on the heights and patterns of tides?
51. What type of tidal patterns exists on the west coast of the United States, which receives two high tides and two low tides of varying heights per day?
52. Tidal height is compared to what reference level?
53. Most of the world's ocean coasts have a(n) _____ tidal pattern.
54. Where was the first tidal powered energy station positioned?
55. One disadvantage of using tidal power is that it ____.
56. ______are periodic, short-term changes in the height of the ocean surface at a particular place, caused by a combination of the gravitational force of the moon and sun, the motion of Earth, and the inertia of water.
57. Tides are influenced by both the ______and ______.
58. When the sun, Earth, and moon are in linear alignment, the solar and lunar tides reinforce each other making ______the highest high and lowest low tides.
59. ______occur when the moon, Earth, and sun form a right angle, creating the lowest high and the highest low tides.
60. The three main types of daily tides include ______, ______, and ______tides.