BIOL 256 SI, Molly

Exam 3 Review

3/24/17

1.)Sketch a sarcomere below (this will be useful for later questions). Label each filament, zone, disc, and line.

2.)Sketch the relationship between calcium, troponin, and tropomyosin below.

3.)A motor neuron and all the myofibers it innervates is called a:

  1. Neuromuscular junction
  2. Motor end plate
  3. Motor unit
  4. Sarcomere

4.)As a review from last unit, what was the role of calcium in a neuron? Is it the same function in muscle contractions? If not, explain.

5.)In 4 steps, describe the role of ATP in a cross-bridge cycle.

6.)Discuss with those around you if a muscle would contract in each of the following scenarios. If not, explain.

  1. ATP and calcium were available
  2. No ATP or calcium were available
  3. ATP was available but calcium wasn’t
  4. Calcium was available but ATP wasn’t

7.)Describe the difference between isometric and isotonic contractions. Give an example of each.

8.)Place the following ques in the correct boxes. They may be used more than once.

red, white, fast, slow, oxidative, glycolytic, many mitochondria, few mitochondria, lots of myoglobin, little myoglobin, many blood vessels, few blood vessels, fatigue resistant, fatigue quickly

Type I / Type IIa / Type IIb

9.)Muscle fatigue occurs when the strength of a muscle contraction becomes weaker and weaker until it no longer responds to the stimulus. What factors contribute to muscle weakness?

10.)In smooth muscles, how is muscle contraction similar and different than in skeletal muscles?

11.)Blood is:

_____ % plasma

_____ % formed elements

_____ % of body weight

12.)Fill in the missing terms or definitions.

  1. ______- hemoglobin bound to oxygen
  2. Carboxyhemoglobin –______
  3. ______- CO2 bound to AA of the hemoglobin
  4. ______- cyanide binds hemoglobin, turning heme blue
  5. Deoxyhemoglobin - ______

13.)What happens when there’s too few/too many red blood cells?

14.)Anemia is blood with ______. Describe the differences among:

  1. Polycythemia –
  1. Hemorrhagic anemia –
  1. Hemolytic anemia –
  1. Aplastic anemia –

15.)Myelolasts develop into:

16.)Monoblasts develop into:

17.)Lymphoblasts develop into:

18.)Hemostasis is the process your body goes through to stop bleeding. There are three phases involved. Name and describe them below:

  1. (Phase 1)
  1. (Phase 2)
  1. (Phase 3)

19.)What’s the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?

20.)Describe the path of electrical impulses through the heart. Drawing a diagram may be helpful!

21.)How does the “all-or-none” law apply to myocardial cells?

22.)Heart block is due to damage of the ______node.

23.)Normal heart sounds resemble a “lub-dub” noise. What are the sounds that are abnormal “lub-dub” noises?

24.)Draw out an electrocardiogram output. Label each wave, complex, and interval. Below the output, describe what is happening at each position listed above.

25.)T or F: The heart’s biggest danger is running out of fuel for energy to its cells.

26.)Fill in the blank:

Reduced blood flow to cardiomyocytes usually occurs due to ______. This results in ______, which in turn increases ______. The intracellular H+ and Ca2+ increase, which causes the ______junctions to close, isolating the injured cardiomyocytes. As a result, the individual feels ______. Eventually, those isolated cells ______, causing ______, or weakening of the heart. If the weakening of the heart persists, the end result is ______.

27.)Distinguish among arrhythmias, fibrillation, and ectopic focus.

28.) Average stroke volume is ______mL/beat. Average cardiac output is ______L/min.

29.)Do preload, contractility, and afterload increase or decrease stroke volume as each of them INCREASES?

30.)Positive chronotropic factors ______heart rate, while negative chronotropic factors ______heart rate.

31.)Normal heart rate changes with age and with the type of exercise. How does endurance exercise effect resting heart rate?

32.)Describe angiogenesis.

33.)When body temperature increases, blood vessels near the skin will (vasodilate/vasoconstrict).

34.)An increase in peripheral resistance causes an increase in blood pressure. Place “increase” or “decrease” beside each of the factors to describe how they affect peripheral resistance when each of them INCREASES.

  1. Blood viscosity
  2. Total blood vessel length
  3. Blood vessel diameter

35.)List the chemicals that increase blood pressure.

36.)List the chemicals that decrease blood pressure.