Contents:
1. List of characters.
2. NONA strict consensus tree.
3. TNT strict consensus tree.
4. Bootstrap support values.
5. Bremer support values.
1. List of characters used for the parsimony analysis (new characters are marked by asterisk).
1.Maxillary incisor:
Rougier et al. 2011: 31
0.absent
1.present
2.Lower incisors, number:
Rougier et al. 2007: 1; Rougier et al., 2011: 30 modified
0.four or more
1.three
2.fewer than three
3.Lower anteriormost incisor (i1) enlargement and procumbency:
Archibald et al. 2001: 29 modified; Wible et al. 2009: 17 modified; Rougier et al. 2011: 135
0.absent
1.present both procumbent and enlarged more than 50% the second incisor (i2)
4.Upper canine, height:
Rougier et al. 2011: 35
0.long, at least twice the height of tallest postcanine
1.short, less than twice the height of the tallest postcanine
5.Upper canine, number of roots:
Ji et al. 2009: 149
0.two
1.one
6.Lower canine, shape:
Li & Luo, 2006: 3 modified; Rougier et al. 2007: 3 modified; Ji et al., 2009: 1 modified
0.caniniform (unlike premolars)
1.premolariform (similar in shape and size with last premolar, possibly with posterior cingulid or cingulid cusp)
7.Lower canine, number of roots:
Rougier et al. 2007: 4
0.one
1.two
8*.Upper postcanine tooth-row:
0.straight
1.arcuate
9.Diastema separating P1 from P2 (distance equal or larger than half of the P1). Taxa missing P1 or/and P2 coded inapplicable.:
Rougier et al. 2011: 39 modified
0.present
1.absent
10*.Ultimate upper premolar:
0.similar in length or shorter and narrower than M1
1.robust, about twice longer and similar in width with M1
11*.Ultimate upper premolar, anterior accessory cusp:
0.distinct crown cusp
1.cingular cusp or absent
12*.Ultimate upper premolar, posterior accessory cusp:
0.distinct crown cusp
1.cingular cusp or absent
13*.Ultimate upper premolar, cingulum:
0.complete around the crown
1.only labial cingulum
2.no cingulum
3.labial and distal cingulum
14.Ultimate upper premolar, supernumerary roots:
Rougier et al. 2011: 143 modified
0.absent
1.present
15.Lower premolars, number:
Rougier et al. 2007: 5 modified; Wible et al., 2009: 29 modified; Rougier et al. 2011: 38 modified
0.three or less
1.four
2.five or more
16*.Lower premolars, relative size:
0.gradual increase in size posteriorly
1.p2 smaller than p1 and p3
2.p1-2 similar in size and distinctly smaller than p3-4
3.only p3-4 present
4.gradual increase in size but ultimate premolar smaller than penultimate
17.Lower premolars, anterior accessory cusp:
Rougier et al. 2011: 43 modified
0.distinct cusp on all premolars
1.distinct cusp on ultimate premolar, precingulid or absent on more anterior premolars
2.precingulid or absent on all premolars
18.Lower premolars, lingual cingulid:
Rougier et al. 2011: 49 modified
0.continuous
1.incomplete or absent
19.Ultimate lower premolar, size relative to first molar:
Rougier et al. 2007: 8 modified; Rougier et al. 2011: 47 modified
0.lower or subequal
1.taller
20.Ultimate lower premolar, W/L ratio:
Rogier et al. 2011: 46 modified
0.0.50 or less
1.between 0.51 and 0.70
2.0.71 or greater
21.Ultimate lower premolar, molarization:
Rougier et al. 2011: 44 modified
0.premolariform
1.molariform, with three trigonid cusps forming a triangle
22.Ultimate lower premolar, symmetry of the main cusp a (protoconid):
Rougier et al. 2011: 42 modified
0.symmetrical, anterior and posterior cutting edges are straight and equal or subequal in length
1.asymmetrical, anterior edge is convex in outline than the posterior edge
2.asymmetrical, posterior edge is concave in outline and longer than the anterior edge
3.asymmetrical, anterior edge is concave and longer than the posterior edge
23.Ultimate lower premolar, distinct distal cingulid cusp d:
Rogier et al. 2011: 45 modified
0.absent, labial and lingual cingulids if present converging to the pointed posterior end of the crown
1.present as cingulid cusp
2.posterior part of the crown rectangular, with a prominent transverse distal cingulid
24.Ultimate lower premolar, supernumerary roots :
Rougier et al. 2011: 144 modified
0.absent
1.present
25.Ultimate lower premolar cusp c (between main cusp a and cingulid cusp d):
Rougier et al. 2007: 9 modified; Rogier et al. 2011: 50 modified
0.present
1.absent
26.Ultimate lower premolar, distal root (taxa with single root coded inapplicable):
Rougier et al. 2011: 147 modified
0.subequal to mesial root
1.large elongated root, more than 50% of crown length
27.Replacement in first molariform locus:
Rougier et al. 2011: 134 modified
0.present
1.absent
28.Upper molars, number:
Rougier et al. 1998: 4 modified; Wible et al. 2009: 61 modified; Rougier et al. 2011: 127 modified
0.three or less
1.four
2.five
3.six
4.seven or eight
29.Upper molars, contact:
Rougier et al. 2011: 149
0.upper molars extensively contact each other
1.upper molars do not contact each other, or barely do so
30.Upper molar shape (calculated on widest molar in series when possible):
Rougier et al. 1998: 15; Wible et al. 2009: 64
0.as long as wide, or longer (L/W > 0.99)
1.wider than long (0.75 < L/W < 0.99)
2.much wider than long (L/W < 0.75)
31*.Upper molars, labial cingulum:
0.long, extending between marginally placed small stylocone (or parastyle) and metastyle
1.reduced to a short ridge between metastyle and enlarged stylocone and displaced somewhat lingually
2.reduced to few marginal cusplets or absent
32.Upper molars, precingulum:
Rougier et al. 2011: 137
0.narrow and closely attached to crown, to absent
1.developed forming a lingual cusp
33.Upper molars, postcingulum:
Rougier et al. 2011: 138
0.narrow and closely oppressed to crown, to absent
1.developed forming a lingual cusp
34.Upper molars, pre- and postcingulum elevation:
Rougier et al. 2012: 144 modified
0.pre- and postcingulum bbsent, or little differentiated, or close to crown base
1.elevated reaching occlusal surface
35.Upper molars, number of roots:
Rougier et al. 2001: 141 modified; Rougier et al. 2011: 141 modified
0.two
1.three
2.one
36.Upper molars, third (lingual) root (taxa with single root coded inapplicable):
Wible et al. 1999: 101 modified; Rougier et al. 2011: 142 modified
0.absent
1.supporting paracone
2.supporting protocone
37.First upper molar, supernumerary roots:
Rougier et al. 2011: 146 modified
0.absent
1.present
38*.Upper molars, cusp B:
0.present
1.absent
39.Upper molars, metacone (=cusp C):
Rougier et al. 2011: 126
0.present
1.absent
40.Upper molars, metacone (=cusp C), position relative to paracone (taxa with metacone absent coded inapplicable):
Wible et al. 2009: 78 modified; Rougier et al. 2012: 131
0.labial
1.approximately the same level
41.Upper molars, metacone (=cusp C), shape and size (taxa with metacone absent coded inapplicable):
Rougier et al. 2011: 126 modified
0.cusp-like, smaller but compatible in size with paracone
1.crest-like, distinctly smaller than paracone
42.Upper molars, preparacrista:
Martin 1999: 5 modified; Rougier et al. 2011: 122 modified
0.extended labially or mesiolabially towards parastyle or small stylocone
1.recurved distally towards enlarged and central stylocone
43.Upper molars, stylocone, size relative to metacone (=cusp C) or paracone (if metacone is absent):
Martin 1999: 8 modified; Rougier et al. 2011: 123 modified
0.smaller
1.subequal or larger
44.Upper posterior molars, stylocone position:
Rougier et al. 2011: 121
0.along buccal edge
1.separated
45.Upper molars, median crest between stylocone and paracone:
Simpson 1929; Martin 1999: 15 modified; Rougier et al 2011: 102 modified
0.absent or poorly defined
1.strongly developed at least in some molars
46.Upper molars, crest between stylocone and metacone (taxa with metacone absent coded inapplicable):
Martin 1999: 10
0.absent
1.present
47.Upper molars, ectoflexus:
Rougier et al. 2011: 129 modified
0.present
1.absent
48.Upper molars, parastylar lobe:
Rougier et al. 2011: 124 modified
0.absent
1.present
49.Upper molars, postmetacrista cusp (cusp 'C'):
Wible et al. 2009: 84
0.absent
1.present
50.Upper molars, lingual cingulum (taxa with protocone coded as present):
Rougier et al. 2012: 141 modified
0.present
1.absent
51.Upper molars, with a functional lingual protocone that grinds against a basin on the lowers (for taxa with unknown upper molars inferred from lowers):
Rougier et al. 2011: 94
0.absent
1.present
52*.Penultimate and ultimate upper molars, both have "last molar" appearance with reduced metastylar region:
0.absent
1.present
53.First lower molar, trigonid angle:
Li & Luo 2006: 5 modified; Rougier et al. 2007: 12 modified; Ji et al., 2009: 7 modified; Rougier et al. 2011: 54 modified
0.between 180 and 80 deg.
1.less than 80 deg.
54.First lower molar, supernumerary roots:
Rougier et al. 2011: 145 modified
0.absent
1.present
55.Lower molars, number:
Rougier et al., 1998: 4 modified; Wible et al. 2009: 61 modified; Rougier et al. 2011; 127 modified
0.three or less
1.four
2.five
3.six or seven
4.eight or nine
56.Lower molars, unilateral hypsodonty:
Rougier et al. 2011: 107 modified
0.absent
1.present
57.Lower molars, length to width ratio (L/W):
Rougier et al. 2011: 104 modified
0.more than 1.1
1.1.1 or less
58.Lower molars, minimum trigonid angle:
Rougier et al. 2011: 53 modified
0.between 180 and 91 deg.
1.between 90 and 61 deg.
2.less than 60 deg.
59.Lower molars, contact:
Rougier et al. 2011: 148
0.lower molars contact each other somewhere along the mesial and distal edges of the crown
1.lower molars do not contact each other, being separated by interdental spaces
60.Lower molars, roots (taxa with single root coded inapplicable):
Simpson 1928, 1929; Prothero 1981; Martin 1999: 1; Rougier et al. 2011: 132 modified
0.equal
1.distal root much smaller and labially placed
61.Lower molars, roots section:
Rougier et al. 2007: 37; Rougier et al. 2011: 133
0.oval or circular
1.or mesiodistally compressed
62.Lower molars, roots separation:
Rougier et al. 2011: 130 modified
0.roots divided
1.incipient or incomplete separation
63.Lower molars, main cusps labiolingual compression (at the level of the cusp base but above the cingulid):
Rougier et al. 2011: 66 modified
0.present
1.absent
64.Lower molars, relative height of the primary cusp a (protoconid) to cusp c (metaconid) (measured as the height ratio of a and c from the bottom of the valley between the two adjacent cusp, on m1):
Rougier et al. (2011: 58).
0.posterior cusp c is less than 40% of the primary cusp a (protoconid)
1.posterior cusp c is more than 40% of cusp a
65*.Lower molars, paracristid-protocristid in occlusal view:
0.in one line
1.uppercase lambda shaped
2.D-shaped
66*.Lower molars, paracristid and protocristid, lowest point:
0.approximately at the same level
1.distinctly higher on protocristid
2.higher on paracristid
67.Lower molars, protocristid orientation:
Wible et al. 2009: 113; Rougier et al. 2011: 116
0.longitudinal
1.oblique
2.transverse
68.Lower molars, labial curvature of protoconid (cusp a) at the base level relative to the curvature of paraconid (cusps b) and metaconid (cusp c):
Rougier et al. (2011: 64).
0.cusps a, b, and c have the same degree of bulging
1.cusp a is far more bulging than cusps b, c
69.Lower molars, paraconid, direction:
Rougier et al. 2011: 78 modified
0.almost vertical, parallel to protoconid
1.mesiodorsally directed, deviated from protoconid
70.Lower molars, paraconid, size relative to metaconid:
Martin 1999: 19 modified; Wible et al. 2009: 107 modified; Rougier et al. 2011: 59 modified
0.subequal
1.about twice shorter or absent
2.higher
71.Lower molars, metaconid:
Martin 1999: 11 modified; Rougier et al. 2011: 117 modified
0.pointed
1.blunt, or chisel-like, or bifid
72.Lower molars, paraconid and metaconid proximity:
Rougier et al. 2011: 79 modified
0.bases widely separated
1.bases approaching each other becoming confluent or single cusp
73.Lower molars, distal metacristid:
Wang et al. 1998: 10 modified; Rougier et al. 2011: 119 modified
0.absent
1.incomplete
2.complete
74.Lower molars, cristid obliqua:
Rougier et al. 2011: 61
0.absent
1.present
75.Lower molars, hypoflexid:
Rougier et al. 2011: 81 modified
0.absent or shallow
1.deep
76.Lower molars, talonid:
Rougier et al. 2011: 83 modified
0.absent or cingulid cusp d
1.present, single-cusped, heel-like (talonid cusp somewhat lingual to paraconid-metaconid line)
2.present, single-cusped, shelf-like (talonid cusp on paraconid-metaconid line)
3.present, two or three cusped
77.Lower molars, talonid to trigonid ratio:
Rougier et al. 2011: 80 modified
0.narrow (talonid <40% of trigonid)
1.wide (talonid is >40% of trigonid)
78.Lower molars, talonid elevation:
Rougier et al. 2011: 91 modified
0.talonid/protoconid height ratio < 20%
1.talonid/protoconid height ratio > 20%
79.Lower molars, talonid basin:
Rougier et al. 2011: 82 modified
0.absent
1.incipient
2.present
80.Lower molars, precingulid or cingulid cuspule f:
Martin 1999: 17 modified; Rougier et al. 2007: 29 modified; Rougier et al. 2011: 69 modified
0.cusp f present
1.precingulid present
2.both absent
81.Lower molars, mesial transverse cingulid:
Rougier et al. 2011: 70
0.absent
1.present as a continuous shelf bellow the trigonid without occlusal function
2.present, having occlusal contact with the upper molar
82.Lower molars, cingulid cuspule e:
Rougier et al. 2007: 30; Rougier et al. 2011: 68
0.present
1.absent
83.Lower molars, lingual cingulid on trigonid:
Simpson 1928, 1929
0.complete
1.incomplete or absent
84.Lower molars, posterior lingual cingulid:
Rougier et al. 2011: 67 modified
0.distinctive
1.weak or absent
85.Lower molars, labial cingulid:
Li & Luo 2006: 7 modified; Sweetman 2008: 7 modified; Ji et al. 2009: 13
0.absent or incomplete
1.complete
86*.Lower molars, posterolabial cingulid (postcingulid):
0.absent or short
1.extending between talonid and the base of protoconid
87.Lower molars, hypoconid (cusp d):
Rougier et al. 2011: 84 modified; Rougier et al. 2011: 85 modified
0.at the cingulid level
1.elevated above the cingulid level
88.Lower molars, accessory cusps on labial side:
Rougier et al. 2011: 128
0.absent
1.present
89.Lower molars, extensive wear in hypoflexid (facet 3):
Rougier et al., 2011: 112 modified
0.absent
1.present
90.Wear facets:
Rougier et al. 2007: 39; Rougier et al. 2011: 107 modified
0.developed by extensive wear of the cusps, which changes the shape of the crown
1.or basic crown shape present upon eruption of the teeth, with only limited remodeling by wear facets
91.Anterior end of dentary upturned dorsally so the incisors placed above the level of molars:
Gao et al. 2009: 60
0.absent
1.present
92.Mandibular symphysis, posterior end:
Luo et al. 2001: 56 modified; Ji et al. 2009: 31 modified
0.at canine or p1
1.anterior to canine
2.at p2-3 or more posterior
93.Posterior mental foramen, position:
Rougier et al. 2011: 2 modified
0.in canine and anterior premolar region
1.at penultimate premolar
2.at ultimate premolar
3.at first molar or more posterior
94.Ratio of dentary height to crown height under tallest molar (measured on lingual side):
Rougier et al. 2007: 16 modified; Wible et al. 2009: 131 modified
0.less than twice
1.twice or more
95.Height of mandibular ramus between canine and last molariform:
Rougier et al. 2007: 41
0.sub-uniform
1.becomes higher posteriorly
96.Dentary, height of labial alveolar border relative to the lingual border:
Simpson 1929; Prothero 1981; Martin 1999: 3 modified
0.at least 80%
1.less than 80%
97.Masseteric fossa, ventral border:
Rougier et al. 2011: 17 modified
0.present as a low and broad crest
1.present as a well-defined and thin crest
98*.Dentary, masseteric process:
0.absent
1.present
99.Meckelian groove in adults:
Rougier et al. 2011: 5 modified
0.present
1.vestigial or absent
100*.Meckelian groove, extension (taxa without Meckelian groove coded inapplicable):
0.does not reach mandibular symphysis anteriorly
1.extended between mandibular symphysis and mandibular foramen
101.Meckelian groove, orientation (taxa without Meckelian groove coded inapplicable):
Wible et al. 2009: 155 modified
0.convergent on ventral border
1.parallel to ventral border
102.Mandibular foramen, position to coronoid process:
Rougier et al. 2011: 18 modified
0.near the level of the anterior border of the coronoid process
1.the distance between the mandibular foramen and the level of beginning of the anterior edge of the coronoid process is greater than length of two middle molars
103.Mandibular foramen dorsal to prominent longitudinal ridge:
Wible et al. 2009: 158 modified
0.absent
1.present
104.Coronoid process:
Rougier et al. 2007: 43 modified; Ji et al., 2009: 38 modified
0.anteroposteriorly broad
1.narrow, separated from condylar process by deep mandibular notch
105.Tilting of the coronoid process of dentary (measured as the angle between the alveolar line and anterior border of coronoid process):
Kielan-Jaworowska et al. 2004: 25 modified; Rougier et al. 2011: 26 modified
0.coronoid process is strongly reclined and the coronoid angle is obtuse (>135°)
1.coronoid process less reclined (135–115°)
2.coronoid process is near vertical and the coronoid angle small (95–115°)
106.Pterygoid fossa:
Rougier et al. 2011: 14 modified
0.restricted to a small area posterior to mandibular foramen
1.expanded on coronoid process
107.Pterygoid crest:
Rougier et al. 2011: 15 modified
0.present, reaching dentary condyle
1.present, extending to base of angular process
2.absent
108.Angular process:
Rougier et al. 2011: 8 modified
0.absent
1.present, as extension of medial pterygoid shelf
2.present, divergent from medial pterygoid shelf
109.Coronoid, or its attachment scar, in adults:
Rougier et al. 2011: 12
0.present
1.absent
110.Retromolar space, at least half the length of the last molar:
Rougier et al. 2011: 27 modified
0.present
1.absent
111.Dentary peduncle, orientation:
Rougier et al. 2011: 22 modified
0.dentary condyle is continuous with the semicircular posterior margin of the dentary
1.dentary peduncle forms an angle less than 40 degrees to the alveolar margin
2.dentary peduncle forms an angle of 40 degrees or greater to the alveolar margin
112.Rostrum, sharp constriction in front of M1:
Rougier et al. 2011: 210 modified
0.absent
1.present
113.Septomaxilla:
Rougier et al. 2011: 286 modified
0.present, with a ventromedial shelf
1.present, without the septomaxillary shelf
114.Zygomatic arch, maximum vertical depth relative to the length of the skull:
Rougier et al. 2011: 277
0.between 10-20%
1.between 5-7%
115.Lacrimal, facial part outline:
Rougier et al. 2011: 273 modified
0.large, triangular and pointed anteriorly
1.small and rectangular or crescentic
116.Lacrimal foramen, number:
Rougier et al. 2012: 310 modified
0.one
1.two
117.Braincase, external bulging in parietal region: :
Rougier et al. 2011: 291 modified
0.expanded, the parietal part of the cranial vault is wider than the frontal part, but expansion does not extend to the lambdoidal region
1.greatly expanded, expansion of cranial vault extends to lambdoidal region
118.Squamosal, cranial moiety external size:
Rougier et al. 2011: 211
0.narrow
1.broad
119.Squamosal, neck between glenoid and cranial moiety:
Rougier et al. 2011: 213
0.absent
1.present
120.Craniomandibular joint, position:
Rougier et al. 2011: 215 modified
0.anterior to the level of the fenestra vestibuli
1.posterior or lateral to the level to the fenestra vestibuli
121.Postglenoid foramen within the squamosal bone:
Rougier et al. 2011: 218
0.absent
1.present
122.Petrosal, promontorium ventral outline and morphology:
Rougier et al. 2011: 222 modified
0.elongated and cylindrical petrosal cochlear housing
1.bulbous and oval-shaped promontorium
123.Petrosal, promontorium stapedial artery sulcus:
Rougier et al. 2011: 248
0.absent
1.present
124.Petrosal, pars cochlearis, transpromontorial sulcus for the internal carotid artery:
Rougier et al. 2011: 249
0.absent
1.present
125.Petrosal, cochlea:
Rougier et al. 2011: 223 modified
0.elongated and partly coiled
1.elongated and coiled to about 360 degrees
126.Petrosal, lateral flange relationship to crista parotica:
Rougier et al. 2011: 239
0.widely separated
1.narrow separated
2.continuous bone formed by petrosal
127.Petrosal, vascular foramen in the posterior part of the lateral flange anterior to the pterygoparoccipital foramen:
Rougier et al. 2011: 238
0.present
1.absent
128.Petrosal, tensor tympani fossa:
Rougier et al. 2011: 254
0.indistinct or very shallow
1.deep recess on lateral trough anterior to hiatus Fallopii
129.Internal acoustic meatus, morphology:
Rougier et al. 2011: 224 modified
0.the floor is ossified and the meatus is a deep tube
1.present as a shallow depression
130.Pterygoparoccipital foramen, position relative to the fenestra vestibuli:
Rougier et al. 2011: 241
0.foramen posterior or lateral to the level of the fenestra vestibuli
1.foramen anterior to the level of the fenestra vestibuli
131.Paroccipital process, bifurcation:
Rougier et al. 2011: 242
0.absent
1.present
132.Cervical vertebrae, postaxial, free ribs:
Rougier et al. 2011: 154
0.present
1.absent
133.Humerus, deltopectoral crest ventral extension:
Rougier et al. 2011: 177 modified
0.extending ventrally (distally) past the midpoint of the shaft
1.not extending beyond the midpoint of the humeral shaft
134.Humerus, rectangular shelf for supinator ridge extended from ectepicondyle:
Rougier et al. 2011: 181
0.absent
1.present
135.Femur, lesser trochanter orientation:
Rougier et al. 2011: 191
0.on the medial side of the shaft
1.on the ventromedial or ventral side of the shaft
136.Tibia, distal malleolus:
Rougier et al. 2011: 195
0.weak
1.distinct
137.Fibula, distal styloid process:
Rougier et al. 2011: 197
0.weak or absent
1.distinct
2. Strict consensus tree of 13 most parsimonious trees produced by NONA 2.0 using the dataset presented in nexus file Averianov_et_al. Only unambiguous characters are shown (black circles are nonhomoplasies and white circles are homoplasies). The numbers at the circles are characters (above) and states (below).