Weather – Chapter 2 SCIENCE NOTES

2-1 Energy in the Earth’s Atmosphere

1. ______

a. Nearly all of the ______in Earth’s atmosphere comes from the ______

b. Energy travels as ______

c. Electromagnetic waves are a form of energy that can move through the ______of space.

d.. ______are classified by their ______

e. The______transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves is called ______

f. Most______from the ______reaches the Earth in the form of ______, ______, and ______.

Visible Light: ______

a.______Radiation – wavelengths are ______than red light.

b. The ______of visible light with the ______wavelength is ______

c. The ______of visible light with the ______wavelength is ______

d. ______Radiation – wavelengths are ______than violet light.

2. Energy

  1. ______and ______absorb some infrared radiation
  2. Some of the sun’s rays are ______by clouds, dust, and molecules of gases called scattering.
  3. Gas molecules scatter short wavelengths of ______more than red and orange making the daytime sky look______.
  4. The ______absorbs most of the ______
  5. Green house effect- ______by which gas holds ______in the air.
  6. Gases include water vapor, ______, ______, and other gases that form a blanket around earth.
  7. Some ______reaches the ______and ______the land

and water

2-2 Heat Transfer

1. ______and ______

  1. ______energy is the total energy of ______of the molecules of a substance.
  2. ______is an ______amount of ______of ______of the molecules of a substance.
  3. Hot = ______moving molecules
  4. Cold = ______moving molecules

2. ______

  1. ______are used to measure ______
  2. Liquids ______when they are heated and ______when they are cooled
  3. Temperature is measured in units called ______. (______or ______)
  4. Water freezes at ______and boils at ______

3. How ______

a. ______is the energy transferred from a ______object to a cooler one.

b. Heat is transferred ______ways:

1.______is the direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.

ex) ______

2. ______is the direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is ______

ex) ______

3. ______is the transfer of heat by the movement of a ______

ex) ______

4. Heat Transfer in the ______

2-3 Winds

1. ?

  1. ______is the ______movement of air from an area of ______to an area of ______.
  2. All ______are caused by ______in ______.
  3. ______in ______are caused by ______of the ______.

2.

  1. ______are used to determine wind ______.
  2. The ______of a wind tells you ______the wind is coming ______.
  3. ______are used to measure wind ______.
  4. ______over your skin removes ______.
  5. The ______that a wind can cause is called the ______.

3.

  1. Winds that blow over ______distances.
  2. Caused by ______of Earth’s surface within a ______area.
  3. Usually occurs near a ______.
  4. Land heats up ______during the ______, warming the air above it. Warm air ______and ______, creating a ______area. Cool air blows inland from the water to ______the warm air.
  5. Look at figure 7 on page 56.
  6. ______– a wind that blows FROM an ocean or a lake onto land
  7. ______– the flow of air FROM land to a body of water

4.

  1. ______and ______breezes over a large region that change ______with the ______

5.

  1. Winds that blow ______from specific directions over ______distances.
  2. Caused by ______of Earth’s surface. (______vs. ______)
  3. Global ______cause wind at Earth’s surface to blow from the ______to the ______.
  4. Higher in the atmosphere, air flows away from the ______and toward the poles.
  5. The movement of air between the equator and the poles produces ______.
  6. ______– winds do not blow in straight lines because the Earth is spinning underneath them. This causes the winds to ______.
  7. In the ______– the Coriolis Effect causes our wind to turn towards the ______. It is the opposite in the southern hemisphere.

6.

  1. Bands of high-speed wind about 10km above Earth’s surface.
  2. They blow from west to east at about 200-400 km per hour

7.

DOLDRUMS:

  • Caused by ______warming of air
  • near the ______
  • air is almost always warm so there are ______winds

HORSE LATITUDES:

  • Caused when air from equator ______moving towards poles and ______
  • ______is the distance from the equator, measured in ______
  • ______north and south latitudes, Calm air

TRADE WINDS:

  • Caused when cold air over the horse latitudes sinks and produces a ______region
  • Blow ______the equator from about 30º north and south

PREVAILING WESTERLIES:

  • Caused when winds that blow toward the poles are turned toward the east by the ______
  • Between ______and ______north and south latitudes.
  • Blow ______West to East
  • They play an important role in the UnitedState’s ______

POLAR EASTERLIES:

  • Caused when cold air near the poles ______and flows back toward lower latitudes
  • They meet the prevailing ______at about _____ north and south latitudes at the Polar Front.
  • The ______has a major effect on weather changes in the ______.

**Be sure to look at the illustration on page 59**

2-4 Water in the Atmosphere

Water cycle- movement of water between the atmosphere and earth’s surface

  • ______– the process by which water molecules in liquid water escape into the air as ______.

1. Humidity

  1. ______– a measure of the ______of water vapor in the air.
  2. ______– the percentage of water vapor in the air ______to the maximum amount the air could hold.

2. Measuring Relative Humidity

  1. Relative humidity can be measured using a ______.
  2. A psychrometer has two thermometers, a ______and a ______.
  3. The ______bulb is covered with a damp fabric.
  4. ______cools the wet bulb.
  5. Relative humidity can be found by comparing the temperature of the wet and dry bulb thermometers

Problem

  1. What would the relative humidity be if your dry bulb showed a temperature of 60ºF and the wet bulb showed a temperature of 54ºF? ______

3. How Clouds Form

  1. Clouds of all kinds form when ______in the air becomes ______water or ______.
  2. ______– the process by which molecules of water in the air become liquid water
  3. Cold air can hold ______water vapor than warm air
  4. As air cools, the amount of water vapor it can hold ______
  5. Some of the water vapor in the air ______to form droplets of liquid water
  6. ______– the temperature at which condensation begins
  7. For water to condense, ______must be present so the water has a ______on which to condense
  8. Particles are usually ______, dust from soil, and ______.
  9. ______is water than condenses above the freezing point and land on a solid surface such as a blade of grass.
  10. ______is ice that has been deposited directly onto a surface that is below the freezing point.
  11. Clouds form whenever air is cooled to its ______

4. Types of Clouds

  1. ______classify clouds into three main types: ______, ______, and ______.
  2. ______clouds look like fluffy, rounded piles of cotton that indicate ______weather when not tall
  3. ______-rows of cotton balls indicating a storm is on the way
  4. ______clouds often produce ______
  5. ______clouds form in flat layers that can thicken and can produce ______, ______, or ______(nimbostratus)
  6. ______clouds are wispy and feathery and only form at high altitudes. (made of ______)
  7. ______and ______are clouds that form 2-6km above earth’s surface.

-Middle level clouds

  1. Clouds that form at or near the ground are called ______.
  1. Form when the ground cools at night after a warm humid day.

2-5 Precipitation

  • ______is any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth’s surface.

1. Types of Precipitation

  1. Common types of precipitation include ______, ______, ______, ______and ______.
  2. ______– most common type of precipitation, drops of water are at least ______in diameter, smaller drops are ______and ______which usually fall from ______clouds
  3. ______– raindrops freeze as they fall, ice particles are smaller than ______in diameter
  4. ______– raindrops freeze when they touch a cold surface
  5. ______– round ______of ice larger than ______in diameter, only forms inside ______clouds during thunderstorms
  6. ______– water vapor in cloud is converted directly into ice crystals called ______, all have ______sides or ______

2. Measuring Precipitation

  1. Meteorologist measure rainfall with a ______.
  1. Rain gauge – an open-ended ______or tube that collects ______.

3. Controlling Precipitation

  1. ______– long periods of unusually ______precipitation
  2. In ______, tiny crystals of ______(solid ______) and silver iodide are sprinkled into clouds from ______.
  3. The ______cooled water droplets in the cloud can then ______around the silver iodide particles.
  4. Dry Ice cools the water even more so it ______without a surface to condense on.

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