US History
Fort Burrows
16.2 - Compromise of 1850,which was supposed to save the Union,
only inflamed tensions.
fugitive - one who tries to ‘illegally’ escape
*** runaway slaves found in the Underground Railroad, would have an EAR cut off or have one of their Hamstrings cut in their leg. Ear no escape, Run no escape…
civil war - war between people of the same country
Compromise of 1850 - agreement over slavery by which California joined the
Union as a free state and a strict fugitive slave law
Fugitive Slave Act - law passed in 1850 that required all citizens to aid in the
capture of runaway slaves
Uncle Tom’s Cabin - 1852 novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe written to show the
evils of slavery and the injustice of the Fugitive Slave Act
tensions – barely controlled hostility or anger between groups
secede - to withdraw from membership in a group
Tempers in Congress had reached the boiling point. California had applied to be admitted to the Union as a free state in 1850. Senator Thomas Hurt Benton of Missouri supported California’s request. He denounced Senator Henry Foote of Mississippi for opposing California’s admission.
In response, Senator Foote rose angrily, picked up a pistol, and aimed it at Benton. As other senators watched in horror, Benton turned toward Foote and roared, “Let him fire. Stand out of the way and let the assassin fire!”
No blood was shed in the Senate that day. However, even as Congress tried to reach a new compromise, many Americans began to fear that a peaceful solution to the slavery issue was impossible.
The Slavery Debate Erupts Again
After the Missouri Compromise, equal amounts of free and slave states entered the Union
When California requested entry into the Union as a free state, the balance of Senate power would once again be threatened
The balance of power would shift !
Э California’s Impact
In 1849, 15 free states and 15 slave states: California wanted in as a free state
California free, possibly Oregon, New Mexico, and Utah – also free states
Southerners feared they would soon be outnumbered in the Senate
Talk was….‘the Southern states might possiblysecede’ from the United States
Northern congressmen argued that most of the land of California was North of the Missouri Compromise line; naturally it should be a free state
The nation was facing a crisis; call out the big-gun compromiser, Henry Clay
Balance of Free and Slave States, 1848Free States / Slave States
/
California – 1850 ?
Wisconsin – 1848 / Texas – 1845
Iowa – 1846 / Florida – 1845
Michigan – 1837 / Arkansas – 1836
Maine – 1820 / Missouri – 1821
Illinois – 1818 / Alabama – 1819
Indiana – 1816 / Mississippi – 1817
Ohio – 1803 / Louisiana – 1812
Vermont – 1791 / Tennessee – 1796
Rhode Island / Kentucky – 1792
New York / Virginia
New Hampshire / North Carolina
Massachusetts / South Carolina
Connecticut / Maryland
New Jersey / Georgia
Pennsylvania / Delaware
Original 13 States
¿¿Why were both Northerners and Southerners concerned about admitting California to the Union ?
1.______
2.______
3.______.
Э Clay verses Calhoun
Henry Clay – ‘the Great Compromiser’; 73 years old, frail and ill, after 30 years, he was still pleading for a nationwide compromise; he warned if theyfailed to do so, the nation could break apart
*** while being a lawyer Henry Clay dreamed up the plea of “Temporary Insanity”
Senator John C Calhoun from South Carolina, also ill - dying of tuberculosis,
opposed a compromise
He was so weak that he could not speak his defiant speech to the Senate
Senator James Mason of Virginia read the speech while Calhoun stared downhis adversaries from the North
In the speech, Calhoun refused to compromise; he insisted slavery be allowed in the ‘new’ Western territories and that fugitive slaves be returned to their owners – slaveholders had a right to their property
Also, if the North rejected the South’s demands, Calhoun wrote,
“let the states…agree to part in peace. If you are unwilling that we part in peace, tell us so, and we shall know what to do.”
All Senators knew what Calhoun meant; if an agreement was not reached, the
South would use force to leave the Union
Э Webster Calls for Unity
Daniel Webster of Massachusetts supported Clay’s plea to save the Union and compromise
His position was clear, “I speak not as a Massachusetts man, nor as a Northern man, but as an American… I speak today for the preservation of the Union… There can be no such thing as a peaceable secession.” Daniel Webster, Speech in the US Senate, July 17, 1850
Webster feared that the states could not separate without a bloody civil war
Webster did view slavery as evil, however he believed the breakup of the US
was worse than slavery
He was willing to compromise and support the second of Calhoun’s demands;
Webster would support that Northerners be forced to return fugitive slaves
¿¿ What were the views of Clay. Calhoun, and Webster ?
Clay______
Calhoun______
Webster______.
Compromiseof 1850
The 1850 census showed the United States no longer an “Infant” Republic but a full-blown nation with a population of 23,191,876. A sizeable portion of the population was swept away by a choleraepidemic.{Infection of the small intestine caused by the bacteriumibrio cholerae. 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and 1 million bacterial cells in a milliliter (1/32 ounce) of fresh water.} That same year 369,980 immigrants arrived from Europe {replacements}.
In 1850, as the debate continued, Calhoun died; his final words, “The South! The poor South! GOD knows what will become of her now!”
President Taylor also dies in 1850, of Typhoid Fever
New President, #13, Millard Fillmore takes office
He supported Henry Clay’s compromise
Fillmore was the last Whig to hold the office of President
Э The Compromise Passes
After more than 70 speeches in favor of a compromise, Henry Clay was too ill to continue the fight
Stephen Douglas of Illinois took up the compromise fight; he guided Clay’s compromise through Congress in 1850
Five parts to the Compromise 1850:
1st – California enters the Union as a free state
2nd – Mexican Cession was divided into
New Mexico and Utah territories
3rd – a.Ended slave trade in Washington, D.C.;
b.Congress would not have the power to ban
slave tradebetween slave states
4th–It included a strict fugitive slave law
5th – It settled a border dispute between Texas and New Mexico;
this is how Texas got its straight-line border to the West
Э Fugitive Slave Act
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, 4th on the list, required ALL citizens to help catch runaway slaves
Citizens that allowed fugitive slaves to escape could be fined $1,000 and go to
jail
Special courts were needed to handle the runaway cases
No jury trial
Judges received $10 for each accused runaway returned to the South;
only $5for each ‘falsely’ accused African American set free
‘Um! 5-bucks free – 10-bucks guilty, same amount of work’; “Guilty send ‘em back South, next case….”
¿¿ What was the significance of the Compromise of 1850 ?
______.
Э Reaction
Northern citizens were angry with the compromise; they would be forced to catch human beings; this made them part of the ‘slave system’
Some Northern cities tried to rescue fugitive slaves from their captors
Others did not obey the law and continued helping runaways run to freedom
This law was hard for Northerners to accept; the more it was enforced, the more Northerners believed slavery was immoral, evil, and had to end
Uncle Tom’s Cabin: An Antislavery Bestseller
Э A Powerful Story
Harriet Beecher Stowe, a New England woman, published a novel in 1852, called Uncle Tom’s Cabin. She wrote this novel to show the evils of slavery and the injustice of the Fugitive Slave Act.Stowe told the story of Uncle Tom, an enslaved African American noted for his kindness and piety (devotion and reverence to GOD). Tom’s world was shattered when he is bought by the brutal Simon Legree.Tom refused to tell Legree the whereabouts of two fugitive slaves. Legree whipped him to death with a bull whip. He was after all, Legree’s property.
This book had wide appeal among Northern readers. The 1stprinted books sold out in just two days. The book sold millions of copies and was translated into dozens of languages. /
Э Nationwide Reaction
Northerners liked the book, Southerners objected ( NO DOUBT )
Southerners claimed it was not a true picture of slave life; after all, Stowe had seen very little of slavery firsthand
This book helped change the way Northerners viewed slavery
They no longer relied on Congress to solve the ‘political’ problem of slavery
‘Slavery became a ‘moral’ problem facing every American’
moral – holding high principles for proper conduct
1. How did Uncle Tom’s Cabin, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852, affect attitudes toward slavery ?
______.
2. What was the impact (5 pieces) of the Compromise of 1850?
1st______
2nd______
______
3rd a.______
b.______
4th ______
5th ______
The History of U.S. Paper MoneyIn the early days of the nation, before and just after the revolution, Americans used English, Spanish, and French money.
1690 Colonial Notes
The Massachusetts Bay Colony issued the first paper money in the colonies which would later form the United States.
1775 Continental Currency
American colonists issued paper currency for the Continental Congress to finance the Revolutionary War. The notes were backed by the "anticipation" of tax revenues. Without solid backing and easily counterfeited, the notes quickly became devalued, giving rise to the phrase "not worth a Continental."
1781 Nation's First Bank
Also to support the Revolutionary War, the continental Congress chartered the Bank of North America in Philadelphia as the nation's first "real" bank.
1785 The Dollar
The Continental Congress determined that the official monetary system would be based on the dollar, but the first coin representing the start of this system would not be struck for several years.
1791 First U.S. Bank
After adoption of the Constitution in 1789, Congress chartered the First Bank of the United States until 1811 and authorized it to issue paper bank notes to eliminate confusion and simplify trade. The bank served as the U.S. Treasury's fiscal agent, thus performing the first central bank functions.
1792 Monetary System
The federal monetary system was established with the creation of the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia. The first American coins were struck in 1793.
1816 Second U.S. Bank
The second Bank of the United States was chartered for 20 years until 1836.
1836 State Bank Notes
With minimum regulation, a proliferation of 1,600 local state-chartered, private banks now issued paper money. State bank notes, with over 30,000 varieties of color and design, were easily counterfeited. That, along with bank failures, caused confusion and circulation problems.
1861 Civil War
On the brink of bankruptcy and pressed to finance the Civil War, Congress authorized the United States Treasury to issue paper money for the first time in the form of non-interest bearing Treasury Notes called Demand Notes.
1862 Greenbacks
Demand Notes were replaced by United States Notes. Commonly called "Greenbacks," they were last issued in 1971. The Secretary of the Treasury was empowered by Congress to have notes engraved and printed, which was done by private banknote companies.
1863 The Design
The design of U.S. currency incorporated a Treasury seal, the fine line engraving necessary for the difficult-to-counterfeit intaglio printing, intricate geometric lathe work patterns, and distinctive linen paper with embedded red and blue fibers.
1865 Gold Certificates
Gold Certificates were issued by the Department of the Treasury against gold coin and bullion deposits and were circulated until 1933.
1865 Secret Service
The Department of the Treasury established the United States Secret Service to control counterfeits, at that time amounting to one-third of circulated currency.
1866 National Bank Notes
National Bank Notes, backed by U.S. government securities, became predominant. By this time, 75 percent of bank deposits were held by nationally chartered banks. As State Bank Notes were replaced, the value of currency stabilized for a time.
1877 Bureau of Engraving and Printing
The Department of the Treasury's bureau of Engraving and Printing started printing all U.S. currency, although other steps were done outside.
1878 Silver Certificates
The Department of the Treasury was authorized to issue Silver Certificates in exchange for silver dollars. The last issue was in the Series of 1957.
1910 Currency Production Consolidated
The Department of the Treasury's Bureau of Engraving and Printing assumed all currency production functions, including engraving, printing, and processing.
1913 Federal Reserve Act
After 1893 and 1907 financial panics, the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 was passed. It created the Federal Reserve System as the nation's central bank to regulate the flow of money and credit for economic stability and growth. The system was authorized to issue Federal Reserve Notes, now the only U.S. currency produced and 99 percent of all currency in circulation.
1929 Standardized Design
Currency was reduced in size by 25 percent and standardized with uniform portraits on the faces and emblems and monuments on the backs.
1957 In God We Trust
Paper currency was first issued with "In God We Trust" as required by Congress in 1955. The inscription appears on all currency Series 1963 and beyond.
1990 Security Thread and Micro printing
A security thread and micro printing were introduced, first in $50 and $100 notes, to deter counterfeiting by advanced copiers and printers.
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