1. Which of These Types of Reproduction Provides the Mostprotection to Developing Offspring
1. Which of these types of reproduction provides the mostprotection to developing offspring of land-dwelling animals?
A. An egg in an eggshell
B. An egg in a mass of jelly
C. An egg carried internally
D. An egg with a leathery shell
2. A student using a compound light microscope to study plant cells observed that most of the cells resembled the diagram shown below.
Which diagram best illustrates how these plant cells will appear after they are placed in a solution having a greater water concentration than the cells have?
A.
B.
C.
D.
3. Which process is illustrated in the diagram below?
A. Meiosis
B. Direct harvesting
C. Chromatography
D. Genetic engineering
4. Which occurrence is a major source of the gases that can produce acid rain?
A. Burning of fossil fuels
B. A hole in the ozone layer
C. Cloud-seeding by airplanes
D. Emissions by nuclear reactors
5. Some cells, such as human nerve and muscle cells, contain many more mitochondria than do other cells, such as skin cells. Why do some cells have more mitochondria than others?
A. The cells use more energy.
B. The cells store more nutrients.
C. The cells divide more frequently.
D. The cells degrade more proteins.
6. Study the picture below.
Which characteristic supports the hypothesis that this bird spends a great deal of time in the trees and shrubs?
A. The shape of its feet
B. The color of its wings
C. The thickness of its bill
D. The crest of feathers on its head
7. Whichof the following pathways of energy flow would give the final consumer the smallest percentage of original energy available in a food chain?
A. Grass → grasshopper → robin → hawk
B. Grass → grasshopper → frog → snake → hawk
C. Grass → mouse → wolf
D. Grass → mouse →snake → hawk
8. A possible conclusion based on the modern theory of evolution is that:
A. Most species have changed.
B. All living things developed from fish.
C. Most plants and animals can interbreed.
D. All dogs are more closely related to fish than to whales.
9. Whenchecking shell color for a species of snail found only in a remote area seldom visited by humans, scientists discovered the distribution of individuals that is shown in the graph below. Based on the information shown in the graph, the snail population is undergoing
A. Artificial selection
B. Disruptive selection
C. Stabilizing selection
D. Directional selection
10. Wetlands are very specialized ecosystems. Of the following causes of wetland loss, which do people have the LEASTcontrol over?
A. Droughts
B. Overgrazing
C. Draining and filling
D. Discharge of pollutants
11. The LEASTgenetic variation will probably be found in the offspring of organisms that reproduce using
A. Meiosis to produce gametes
B. Mitosis to produce a larger population
C. Internal fertilization to produce an embryo
D. Fusion of eggs and sperm to produce zygotes
12. It has been observed that the proportions of adenine and thymine bases in a DNA molecule are equal, as are the proportions of cytosine and guanine. This is best explained by
A. Helical base structure
B. Identical base substitution
C. Complementary base pairing
D. Antiparallel base arrangement
13. Gymnosperms (a group of plants including conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants) share many traits but are classified in separate groups. Which is a difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?
A. Only angiosperms form wood.
B. Only angiosperms produce seeds within fruits.
C. Only gymnosperms have vascular tissue.
D. Only gymnosperms reproduce with spores.
14. Some snake embryos have small buds resembling limbs. These buds disappear at later stages of embryo development. These findings suggest that these snakes
A. had a parent with limbs
B. will have offspring with limbs
C. have functional limbs as adults
D. evolved from an ancestor that had limbs
15. Which of the following is most consistent with the modern theory of evolution?
A. Life on this planet came from another planet far out in space.
B. Living organisms have not changed for hundreds of millions of years.
C. Parents change their traits in order to survive in the environment; then those parental traits are passed on to their offspring.
D. Through their genes, parents pass their traits to their offspring; those offspring with traits that help them survive in the environment are better able to reproduce.
16. Viruses are exceptions to the cell theory, but they have some characteristics of living things. What is one of these characteristics?
A. They contain chlorophyll.
B. They reproduce by mitosis.
C. They contain genetic material.
D. They are made up of many specialized cells.
17. A group of students measured the volume of air they exhaled during three different activities: sitting, walking, and running. The volume of exhaled air is directly related to the amount of carbon dioxide produced. The data the students collected are summarized in the graph below.
Which of these statements BESTexplains the data?
A. As metabolism increases, the amount of carbon dioxide produced decreases.
B. As metabolism increases, the amount of carbon dioxide produced increases.
C. The rate of metabolism depends on the amount of carbon dioxide produced.
D. The amount of carbon dioxide remains constant as metabolism increases.
18. Research indicates that many plants prevent the growth of other plants in their habitat by releasing natural herbicides (chemicals that kill plants). These substances are known as allelochemicals and include substances such as quinine, caffeine, and digitalis. Experiments have confirmed that chemicals in the bark and roots of black walnut trees are toxic, and when released into the soil they limit the growth of crop plants such as tomatoes, potatoes, and apples. Allelochemicals can alter growth and enzyme action, injure the outer cover of a seed so the seed dies, or stimulate seed growth at inappropriate times of the year. Studies on allelochemical effects help explain the observation that almost nothing grows under a black walnut tree even though light and moisture levels are adequate for growth.
Which phrase best predicts the relative numbers of different plant species in regions A, B, and Cin the diagram shown below?
A. Greater in CthanB
B. Greater in AthanC
C. Greater in Athan B
D. Greater in B than C
19. One strand of DNA could be as long as a football field if it were stretched out lengthwise. One of the factors allowing DNA to fit inside the nucleus of a cell is its ability to
A. Break apart into separate genes
B. Coil tightly around associated proteins
C. Denature from the effect of an enzyme
D. Extend to form very long, thin molecules
20. The praying mantis is a predatory insect that often eats moths. The graph below shows the relative numbers of two species of moths over 12 weeks after the introduction of the predatory praying mantis.
What characteristic of this ecosystem is BESTindicated from this graph?
A. Species B was preferred as food over species A.
B. Species B may replace species A in this environment.
C. Species B will reproduce more rapidly than species A.
D. Species B was more abundant at the beginning of this time period than species A.
21. In one of the steps of the carbon cycle, a person exhales a molecule of carbon dioxide () into the atmosphere. Which of the following is MOST LIKELYto happen next to the atom of carbon in this molecule?
A. It may be used as part of a sugar in a plant.
B. It may become part of a protein in an animal.
C. It may be consumed as a fossil fuel is burned.
D. It may be decomposed into carbon and oxygen by a bacterium.
22. Base your answers to the next two questions on the diagram below, which represents some biochemical reactions involved in a cellular process, and on your knowledge of biology.
The molecule coded directly from DNA is represented by number
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
23. Base your answers to the next two questions on the diagram below, which represents some biochemical reactions involved in a cellular process, and on your knowledge of biology.
What is an example of a molecule produced by this type of process?
A. Glucose
B. A protein
C. Glycogen
D. A fatty acid
24. ATP molecules store energy for cellular activity. When the bond holding the third phosphate is broken,
A. all cellular activity stops
B. energy is released and changes ATP to ADP
C. energy dissipates and metabolic functions increase
D. tRNA picks up the phosphate for protein synthesis
25. A single cell and a multicellular organism are represented below.
Which structures are correctly paired with their primary function?
A. A and G - transmission of nerve impulses
B. B and E - photosynthesis
C. C and H - digestion of food
D. D and F - gas exchange
26. The diagram below shows the relative concentration of molecules inside and outside of a cell.
Which statement best describes the general direction of diffusion across the membrane of this cell?
A. Oxygen would diffuse into the cell.
B. Glucose would diffuse into the cell.
C. Protein would diffuse out of the cell.
D. Carbon dioxide would diffuse out of the cell.
27. Which of the following is NOT a part of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?
A. Individuals in a population vary in many ways.
B. More offspring are produced than can generally survive.
C. Changes in an individual's genetic material are usually harmful.
D. Some individuals possess features that enable them to survive better than individuals lacking those features.
28. The human Genome Project was begun in 1988 by scientists from 13 nations as a worldwide effort to understand the sequencing of all DNA in the human body. What is one potential scientific benefit of this research?
A. It will help to explain human cultural differences.
B. It will create communication between research centers.
C. It will help find the genes responsible for many diseases.
D. It help to classify man most accurately in the animal kingdom.
29. Due to a genetic problem, the cells of a very young plant that has just sprouted from a seed do not produce any carbohydrates. The plant is most likely to die young because
A. It will not have energy to carry out metabolic processes necessary for growth.
B. It will not be able to produce a cell wall around the boundaries of its cells.
C. It will not have proteins to form lignin.
D. Both statements A and B are correct.
30. Which of the following is an example of micro-evolution in organisms?
A. Speciation
B. Habitat selection
C. Bio-magnification
D. Pesticide resistance
31. The organisms in a typical backyard are likely to include bacteria, grass, shrubs, trees, insects,spiders, birds, and small mammals. Together, all these organisms make up
A. A kingdom
B. A population
C. A community
D. An experimental group
32. The evolutionary pathways of seven living species are shown in the diagram below.
Which two species are likely to have the most similar DNA base sequences?
A. Band G
B. Eand G
C. Band C
D. Cand D
33. The diagram below shows the effect of spraying a pesticide on a population of insects over three generations.
Which concept is represented in the diagram?
A. Extinction
B. Succession
C. Survival of the fittest
D. Dynamic equilibrium
34. In 1883, Thomas Engelmann, a German botanist, exposed a strand of algae to different wavelengths of light. Engelmann used bacteria that concentrate near an oxygen source to determine which sections of the algae were releasing the most O2. The results are shown below.
Which statement is a valid inference based on this information?
A. Respiration rate in the bacteria is greatest at 550 nm.
B. Photosynthetic rate in the algae is greatest in blue light.
C. The algae absorb the greatest amount of oxygen in red light.
D. Oxygen production decreases as the wavelength of light increases from 550 to 650 nm.
35. A DNA nucleotide may be made up of a phosphate group, along with ______.
A. deoxyribose sugar and uracil
B. deoxyribose sugar and guanine
C. ribose sugar and cytosine
D. ribose sugar and adenine
36.
This seed is best dispersed by
A. Birds
B. Wind
C. Water
D. Insects
37. The jimsonweed Datura stramoniumnormally has 12 chromosomes in the body cells. How many chromosomes will an egg cell of the weed have?
A. 6 chromosomes
B. 12 chromosomes
C. 18 chromosomes
D. 24 chromosomes
38. Which of the organisms shown below is NOTcorrectly labeled with its kingdom?
A.
B.
C.
D.
39. Which organism is heterotrophic?
A. Moss
B. Algae
C. Oak tree
D. Mushroom
40. A series of investigations was performed on four different plant species. The results of these investigations are recorded in the data table below.
Characteristics of Four Plant Species
Based on these data, which two plant species appear to be most closely related?
A. A and B
B. A and C
C. B and D
D. B and C
41. Cytochrome c is an enzyme located in the mitochondria of many types of cells. The number of differences in the amino acid sequences of Cytochrome c from different species are compared to human Cytochrome c in the data table below.