Name______Date______Period____
Chapter 12 Review Sheet
1. What are mutations? Changes in genetic material
2. Genes contain instruction for assembling _ proteins
3. Draw the structure of DNA
4. List and describe the types of chromosomal mutations
Deletion: A B C D E F → A C D E F
DuplicationA B C D E F → A B B C D E F
InversionA B C D E F → A E D C B F
TranslocationA B C D E F → A B C J K L
G H I J K L→ G H I D E F
5a. What is an expressed gene? Agenethatproducesaprotein.
5b. Is gene regulation more or less complex in eukaryotes? More
6. Many genes are regulated by repressor proteins, while others use proteins that speed transcription. Sometimes regulation occurs at the level of protein synthesis. Regardless of the system, the result is the same: cells turn their genes on and off as needed.
7. What are the three parts of a nucleotide? Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base
8. What is the sugar in DNA and RNA? Deoxyribose and ribose
9. Where is DNA located in eukaryotes? Cells, nucleus Prokaryotes? cytoplasm
10. In a DNA strand A pairs with _T_and C pairs with__ G .
11. RNA contains what base instead of thymine.Uracil
12. List similarities and differences between DNA and RNA.
Similarities Differences
Phosphate groupSugar: DNA: Deoxyribose RNA: Ribose
nitrogen bases (C, G, & A)Nitrogen base: DNA: Thyamine, RNA: Uracil
Structure: DNA: double strand RNA: single strand
Forms: DNA: 1 RNA: 3 (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
13. DNA is copied in a process called? replication
14. Replication of DNA results in ____2___ copies of the same gene?
15. List and describe the functions of the three types of RNA?
mRNA: messenger
tRNA: transfer and carries amino acids
rRNA: ribosomal and helps make proteins
16. What is transcription? DNA into RNA
17. How many nitrogen bases make up a codon? _____3______How many codons do you need to specify three amino acids?______3______
18. Protein synthesis uses which types of RNA? mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
19. What happens during translation? mRNA is decoded to make proteins
20. Genes contain instructions for assembling?______proteins______
21. What is a point mutation?
Involves one or a few nucleotides
A single base substitution, is a type ofmutationthat causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic material, DNA or RNA.
22. What is a chromosomal mutation?
A chromosome mutation is an unpredictable change
that occurs in achromosome. Chromosome mutations can result in changes in the number of chromosomes in acellor changes in the structure of a chromosome. Unlike agene mutationwhich alters a single gene or larger segment of DNAon
a chromosome, chromosome mutations change and impact the entire chromosome.
23. What is a frameshift mutation?
Agenetic mutationcaused by insertions or deletions of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.The “reading frame” of the genetic message is shifted
24. Where is an anticodon found?_____tRNA______
25. What is attached to the tRNA?______amino acid______
26. Watson and Crick developed a model of DNA called?______Double Helix
27. Draw a molecule of each of the RNA molecules.
28. The order of nitrogen bases in DNA determines the order of ____amino acids_ in proteins.
29. Draw and explain the process of protein synthesis.
30. Describe each of the chromosomal mutations on page 308 figure 12-21.
31. Figure 12-17 on page 303 represents the what?