1. Psychologists Using the Concept of Motivation Have Suggested That
Ch 12 and 13 Practice Test #3
1. Psychologists using the concept of motivation have suggested that
A. biological mechanisms are unrelated to motivation.
B. Actions may be internally or externally motivated.
C. People are always responsible for their actions
D. Motivation may help initiate behavior, but it cannot prolong it.
2. In Clark Hull’s conceptualization of motivation, emphasis was placed on the role of
A. social approval
B. tension reduction
C. the achievement need
D. sex
3. In part, organisms behave because some aspects of a species’ behavior are governed by_____, which are preprogrammed tendencies that are essential for the survival of the species.
A. incentives
B. drives
C. instincts
D. needs
4. According to Fritz Heider, behavioral outcome can be attributed to two types of forces,
A. romantic or mercenary
B. behavioral or physiological
C. dispositional or situational
D. attentional or retentional
5. As part of the test of whether gastric activity in an empty stomach was the sole basis for hunger, Walter Cannon
A. has a student swallow an inflatable balloon.
B. Removed the stomach of a human volunteer.
C. Deprived volunteers of particularly tasty foods.
D. Allowed volunteers to eat bad-tasting cookies.
6. The part of the brain that is most involved in eating behavior is the
A. amygdale
B. reticular-activating system
C. hypothalamus
D. hippocampus
7. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are
A. sexual dysfunctions
B. types of nervous tics
C. eating disorders
D. causes of the need for achievement
8. A woman engages in out-of-control eating. Afterwards, feeling depressed, she will attempt to purge her body by vomiting. Although she is of average weight, she nevertheless feels uncomfortable with her appearance. The woman most likely suffers from
A. Anorexia nervosa
B. Bulimia nervosa
C. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
D. Compulsive eating disorder
9. Studies of sexual behavior have determined that
A. Sexual behavior is essential to an individual’s survival
B. Humans are unique in finding sexual stimulation pleasurable
C. Adult women are more likely than adult men to report thinking about sex daily
D. Cultures establish norms for acceptable sexual behavior
10. During the _____ phase of the human sexual response cycle, the penis becomes erect and the clitoris swells.
A. Excitement
B. Plateau
C. Orgasm
D. Resolution
11.Henry Murray and David McClelland did early research in the area of
A. sexual motivation
B. the physiology of eating
C. the psychology of eating
D. achievement needs
12. Someone who has an internal locus of control is most likely to
A. think that her life has been predetermined
B. feel that her luck might change
C. allow other people to tell her what to do
D. believe in her own ability to affect life outcomes
13. Humanist psychologist Abraham Maslow is most closely associated with the idea that
A. eating disorders may arise from societal pressure
B. sexual activity is subject to learning
C. motives form a hierarchy of needs
D. motivation be explained by drive reduction
14. The needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of basic motives from the lowest to the highest.
A. biological, attachment, safety, esteem, cognitive
B. biological, self-actualization, esthetic, cognitive, attachment
C. attachment, biological, safety, esteem, cognitive
D. safety, attachment, esteem, cognitive, esthetic
15. The specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time is known as a:
A. set point
B. homeostatic constant
C. hypothalamic plateau
D. metabolic rate
16. Susan, a 14-year-old, is of average height but weights only 80 pounds. She runs 5 miles a day. She is determined not to become overweight and ignores her parents’ suggestion that she should eat well-balanced meals. Susan suffers from:
A. bulimia nervosa
B. obesity
C. an abnormally low set point
D. anorexia
17. The resting period after orgasm during which a male cannot be aroused to another orgasm is called:
A. The plateau phase
B. Coitus interruptus
C. The refractory period
D. Bulimia nervosa.
18. Motivation is defined by psychologists as:
A. an impulse to accomplish something of significance
B. a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal
C. rigidly patterned behavioral urges characteristic of all people
D. the cause of behavior
19. Professor Marty explains that city dwellers’ need for physical safety must be met before they will be motivated to form close friendships with fellow citizens. Professor Marty is providing an example of:
A. Task leadership
B. A hierarchy of motives
C. Homeostasis
D. Extrinsic motivation
20. The universally understandable language of human emotion consists of:
A. Hand gestures
B. Body postures
C. Facial expressions
D. Tone of voice
21. The adaptation-level principle refers to the tendency for judgments of objects and events to be heavily influenced by:
A. Genetics
B. Previous experiences
C. Current level of happiness
D. Current level of physiological arousal
22. Bob is an unsuccessful businessman who feels depressed. In order to increase his satisfaction and happiness with life Bob should:
A. Imagine what his life might be like if her were suffering from a fatal disease
B. Compare himself with friends who became rich and successful
C. Identify how his own foolish decisions and lack of foresight have contributed to his unhappiness
D. Recall past moments when his life was much more pleasant than it is now.
23. Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was taking a difficult test, Tom concluded that he was “anxious.” Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to dance, Nick concluded that he was “falling in love.” The differing emotions experienced by Tom and Nick can best be explained by the _____ theory.
A. Cannon-Bard
B. James-Lange
C. Two-factor
D. Opponent-process
24. The body’s tendency to maintain a constant internal state is know as:
A. Set point
B. Instinctual control
C. Intrinsic motivation
D. Homeostasis
25. Research on the physiological basis of hunger has indicated that:
A. There is no relationship between stomach contractions and the experience of hunger
B. Hunger continues in humans whose cancerous stomachs have been removed
C. Rats whose stomachs have been removed must be force-fed to prevent starvation.
D. A full stomach necessarily prevents hunger
26. Walking home from work late one night, sue suddenly hears footsteps behind her. Her heart pounds, her muscles tense, and her mouth goes dry. These bodily responses are activated by which nervous system.
A. Central
B. Sympathetic
C. Parasympathetic
D. Somatic
27. Steve studies 10 hours a day because he wants to become the best surgeon he can possibly be. His goal and behavior mot clearly suggest that he has a high need for:
A. Deference
B. Recognition
C. Power
D. Achievement
28. When an organism’s weight rises above its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n):
A. Decrease in both hunger and energy expenditure
B. Increase in hunger and a decrease in energy expenditure
C. Decrease in hunger and an increase in energy expenditure
D. Increase in both hunger and energy expenditure
29. The assumption underlying the use of the polygraph in criminal investigations is that denial of involvement in a crime is most likely to ______arousal in suspects who are actually______.
A. Increase; innocent
B. Decrease; guilty
C. Increase; guilty
D. Decrease; innocent
30. Research on human fear indicated that:
A. Fear is more often a poisonous emotion than an adaptive one
B. People seem to be biologically predisposed to learn some fears more quickly than others
C. People but not animals may acquire fear through observational learning
D. Genetic factors are unimportant in understanding fearfulness
31. A coach for the high school soccer team is always reading books about how to help his players increase their desire to do better. The most likely topic of the books that Jack reads is what psychologists call
A. Emotion
B. Cognition
C. Motivation
D. Development
32. Psychologists using the concept of motivation have suggested that
A. biological mechanisms are unrelated to motivation
B. actions may be internally or externally motivated
C. people are always responsible for their actions
D. motivation may help initiate behavior, but it cannot prolong it
33. In the context of motivation, homeostasis refers to
A. A state of equilibrium in internal bodily conditions
B. Unpleasant internal feelings that drive behavior
C. An imbalance this is associated with tension
D. An organism’s initiate physiological needs.
34. Life instincts, death instincts and psychic energy were motivation concepts suggested by
A. Sigmund Freud
B. William James
C. Clark Hull
D. Julian Rotter
35. Whenever a gymnast does poorly in a competition, she says its because the judges were unfair. According to Fritz Heider’s ideas, the gymnast is attributing the outcome to a(n) ______force.
A. Imaginary
B. Situational
C. Insufficient
D. Personal
36. Reports from patients who had had their stomachs entirely removes confirm the fact that
A. The stomach is partly responsible for the taste of food
B. Stomach contractions are not a necessary condition for hunger
C. Stomach sensations play no role in the way people usually experience hunger
D. People only eat when they are hungry
37. Observations of people’s eating behavior leads to the conclusion that
A. When and what people eat depends partly on social and cultural norms.
B. The timing of meals depends exclusively on body cues
C. People always ignore social and cultural norms when choosing what to eat
D. People eat only when they are hungry
38. All of the following are true of anorexia nervosa EXCEPT that
A. The individual weighs less that 85% of his or her expected weight
B. There is an intense fear of becoming fat
C. It may be accompanied by bulimia nervosa
D. Its occurrence is equally likely in men and women
39. Studies of sexual behavior have determined that
A. Sexual behavior is =essential to an individual’s survival
B. Humans are unique in finding sexual stimulation pleasurable
C. Adult women are more likely than adult men to report thinking about sex daily.
D. Cultures establish norms for acceptable sexual behavior.
40. During the ______phase of the human sexual response cycle, the penis becomes erect and the clitoris swells
A. Excitement
B. Plateau
C. Orgasm
D. Resolution
41. Alfred Kinsey is best known in the history of sexual research for his
A. Recordings of human sexual intercourse under laboratory conditions.
B. Large-scale interviews of Americans about their sexual behavior
C. Development of an evolutionary theory of human sexuality
D. Controversial theories of erotic attraction
42. Suppose you were a participant in one of David McClelland’s studies of the need for achievement. You would be given the Thematic Apperception Test and be expected to
A. Rate yourself on a series of achievement-related questions
B. Check off those goals that most apply to you
C. Compile a list of your most important lifetime achievements.
D. Generate stories in response to a series of ambiguous drawings.
43. Martin Seligman’s research on people’s style has focused on the importance of the dimension of
A. Internal versus external
B. Stable versus unstable
C. Global versus specific
D. Optimism versus pessimism
44. According to Maslow’s theory of motivation, a person will not be motivated to love and be loved until they have satisfies _____ needs.
A. Esteem
B. Cognitive
C. Self-actualization
D. Biological
45. What two substance in the blood are critical in regulation hunger levels?
A. Adrenaline and insulin
B. Insulin and glucose
C. Sucrose and adrenaline
D. Glucose and estrogen
46. If Meghan is a typical female student, it is most probable that she:
A. Would like to weight more than what she thinks men prefer her to weight
B. Thinks she weighs less than what she would like to weight
C. Would like to weight less than what men actually prefer her to weight
D. Thinks men prefer her to weight more than they really do
47. Sixteen-year-old Nick loves ice cream and other rich foods, but her has become increasingly anxious about gaining to much weight. Nick frequently overeats and then intentionally vomits in an attempt to control her weight. Nick most clearly suffers from:
A. Hypermetabolism
B. Bulimia Nervosa
C. An abnormally high set point
D. Anorexia Nervosa
48. Men are more likely than women to experience:
A. Vivid mental images of previous sexual interactions
B. Dreams about members of the opposite sex
C. Sexually vivid dreams that lead to orgasm
D. Fantasies of being sexually overpowered
49. Homeostasis refers to:
A. A rigidly patterned behavioral urge characteristic of an entire species.
B. An aroused or activated state that is often triggered by deprivation
C. The body’s tendency to maintain a constant internal state.
D. A state of physical deprivation that usually triggers motivational arousal
50. It is characteristic of robins to build nests. This provides an example of:
A. An instinct
B. Homeostasis
C. A drive
D. A need
51. Research suggests that monkeys reared in the wild fear snakes because:
A. They are biologically predisposed to fear nearly all primitive forms of life.
B. They have a particularly strong nervous system reaction to snake bites
C. They have encountered snakes near dead monkeys
D. They have observed other monkeys’ fearful reactions to snakes.
52. The concept of relative deprivation refers to the perception that:
A. Yesterday’s luxuries are today’s necessities
B. things are never quite as bad as they could be
C. One is worse off than those with whom one compares oneself
D. Happiness is simply a state of mind
53. Which theory suggests that the experience of emotion results from an awareness of one’s own physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event?
A. the Cannon-Bard theory
B. The James-Lange theory
C. the opponent-process theory
D. The adaptation-level theory
54. It is characteristic of bears to hibernate. This behavior is an example of:
A. intrinsic motivation
B. Homeostasis
C. an instinct
D. an incentive
55. The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow’s hierarchy of human motives includes the need for:
A. Self-esteem
B. love and friendship
C. religious fulfillment
D. food and drink
56. Injections of ______increase hunger, while injections of ______decrease hunger.
A. glucose; insulin
B. Insulin; glucose
C. Glucose; testosterone
D. Testosterone; insulin
57. Research on the sexual response cycle indicates that:
A. The male and female experience of orgasm is much the same.
B. Both males and females experience a refractory period following orgasm
C. Women undergo a decrease in physiological arousal more slowly if they have experienced orgasm than if they have not.
58. During an emergency, increasing levels of emotional arousal are likely to be accompanied by:
A. decreases in blood sugar levels
B. slowing of digestion
C. increases in salivation
D. constriction of pupils to increase visual acuity
59. In an experiment Professor Zim notes a marked increase in heart rate, blood pressure and perspiration in one participant. The professor could infer, that the subject is experiencing:
A. anger
B. fear
C. sexual arousal
D. any of the above
60. The most unambiguous nonverbal clue to our specific emotional state is provided by our:
A. Respiration rate
B. facial musculature
C. body posture
D. hand gestures
Key
1. B
2. B
3. C
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. C
8. B
9. D
10. A
11. D
12. D
13. C
14. D
15. A
16. D
17. C
18. B
19. B
20. C
21. B
22. A
23. C
24. D
25. B
26. B
27. D
28. C
29. C
30. B
31. C
32. B
33. A
34. A
35. B
36. B
37. A
38. D
39. D
40. A
41. B
42. D
43. D
44. D
45. B
46. C
47. B
48. C
49. C
50. A
51. D
52. C
53. B
54. C
55. D
56. B
57. A
58. B
59. D
60. B