Exploration
PORTUGAL
1) Portugal took the lead in early New World exploration
2) Portuguese explorer Bartolomue Dias was the first European to sail to the southern tip of Africa
3)Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa and landed in India
4) Portuguese Prince, Henry the Navigator set up a school in order to train sailor on navigation and sailing techniques.
5) Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain, was the first European to sail around, or Circumnavigate, the world. He died in the Philippine Islands
6) Brazil is the only country in South America that speaks Portuguese due to the Treaty of Tordesillas
Inventions
1) Astrolabe- device used to navigate on the open sea by using the stars as guides
2) Compass- device using magnetic north as a guide for navigation
3) Cartography- the art and science of making maps
4) Caravel- Portuguese and Spanish ship design that allowed the ship to sail in the open ocean as well as shallow water
6) Lateen sails- triangular sails that allowed ships to sail against the wind and be more maneuverable
7) Vikings used Longboats, boats that could operate in the ocean and shallow waters in order to explore
8) Most famous Viking leader was Leif Erikson
Renaissance
1) Began in Italy
2) 1400-1700’s
3) A renewed interest in Classical Greek and Roman literature and thinking
4) Sculpture, art, literature, and Leonardo da Vinci are most closely associated with the Renaissance
Reformation
1) Began in Germany
2) Began by Catholic monk Martin Luther
3) Luther nailed the 95 theses on the Church door on 10/31/1517 beginning the reformation
4) Protestant faith was created as a result of the Reformation
5) Johannes Guttenberg invented the Printing Press/Moveable Type during this period that helped spread the Protestant Reformation
Crusades
1) Holy Wars fought in Jerusalem between European Christians and Middle Eastern Muslims for control of the Holy Lands
2) 1000-1100
3) Crusades helped to introduce Europeans to Middle Eastern and Far Eastern culture and goods
4) Crusades led to an increased European desire to TRADEwhich led to the desire to explore and find routes to the Far East
Spain and Exploration
1) Spain was the richest and most powerful nation in the age of exploration
2) Juan Ponce de Leon, Spanish governor of Puerto Rico discovered Florida called it “Land ofFlowers”
3) Balboa, first European to reach the Pacific Ocean
4) Hernadode Soto, explored the American southeast, died and was buried in the Mississippi river.
5) Coronado, explored the American southwest
6) HernanCotez (Cortes) left Cuba looking for Slaves to work on Cuban sugar cane plantations and found the Aztec Empire in Mexico in 1519
7) Francisco Pizzaro conquered the Inca Empire in South America
8)Amerigo Vespucci, first European to find Brazil and explore the Amazon River, America is named for him
9) Spanish and other European explorers brought Small Pox to the America’s which killed millions of the natives
10) Oldest permanent settlement in North America was settled St. Augustine FL. By the Spanish
France and Exploration
1) France wanted to find the Northwest Passage- the northern route through North America to the Pacific Ocean.
2) Verrazona mapped the American coastline from North Carolina to Newfoundland but found no passage
3) Jacques Cartier, mapped the St. Lawrence River
4) Samuel de Champlain, first French explorer to set up a colony in North America.
5) Quebec, Frances first permanent settlement in North America, and the capital of New France
6) France was interested in colonizing for the Fur Trade
7) Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette first Europeans to explore the Mississippi River
8) La Salle, first European to follow the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico
9) Frances main area of colonization in America was in Louisiana
England and Exploration
1) English Reformation is when King Henry VIII breaks with the Catholic Church and creates the Anglican Church
2) Anglican Church still has some elements of the Catholic practice in it and some members of the Anglican Church wanted to “purify” it of the Catholic practices. These people became known as Puritans
3) Separatists were English people who wanted to “separate” from the Anglican Church because they realized that it would never be “purified” of its Catholic practices, therefore a new faith must be practiced entirely. These people left England for America to practice their new faiths
4) Enclosure Movement, when English farmers began to convert their lands from farms to pastures and raise sheep. Led to massive unemployment and people leaving England for a new life in America
5) Joint-Stock Companies, English people who pooled their money together in order to promote trade, exploration and eventually begin colonization of America
6) Privateers, English citizens who owned their own ships and were told by Queen Elizabeth I. to attack Spanish ships and to keep Spanish goods and money that they captured.
7) Walter Raleigh, explored modern day North Carolina and established a colony on the Island of Roanoke
8) Lost Colony of Roanoke, colonists mysteriously vanished leaving only a carving in a tree that said CRO. Colonists were possibly saying the group of Indians that attacked them.
9) 1607, Jamestown founded the first permanent English settlement in North America in modern day Virginia.
10) John Rolfe, Englishman who experimented with varieties of tobacco and found one that would grow well.
11) House of Burgesses, first English form of government in North America in the English colonies
12) Lord Baltimore or George Calvert, founded the colony of Maryland as a safe place for English Catholics to settle
13) Headrights, system in which English colonists bought shares of a joint stock company and were granted 50 acres of land upon arrival in America.
14) Proprietary Colony, The owner of the colony could govern the colony any way he saw fit without interference from the King of England
15) Pilgrims, another name for English Separatists who left England to settle in America and practice a more protestant form of their faith
16) 1620, Mayflower, a ship carrying English Pilgrim Separatists lands at Plymouth, Massachusetts
17) Mayflower Compact, document signed by all people on board the Mayflower saying they would work for the good of the colony and put God first in their lives
18) William Bradford, first governor of the Plymouth Colony
19) Squanto, Indian who helped the Plymouth settlers learn to grow crops
20) John Winthrop, founded the colony of Massachusetts
21) Winthrop, a preacher, gave a sermon as they headed to Massachusetts called “a Model of Christian Charity” in which he said the new colony would be a model Christian example for the world.
22) Winthrop said his colony would be like, “a city upon a hill,” in his sermon.
23) Winthrop founded the city of Boston
24) Heretics, people whose religious beliefs differ from those accepted by the majority
25) Roger Williams, founded Providence b/c he found the Massachusetts colony too strict in its religious doctrine
26) Rhode Island became the state Roger Williams is credited with starting
27) Providence, the city Roger Williams founded would become the capital of the state he founded, Rhode Island
28) Roger Williams is credited with starting the Baptist faith
29) Anne Hutchinson, credited with founding the colony of Portsmouth, in modern day New Hampshire
30) Thomas Hooker, credited with founding the colony of Hartford, in modern day Connecticut
31) King Philips War, war between the Wampanoag tribe of Indians led by Metacomet and the English settlers of the Plymouth colony
32) William Penn founded the colony of Pennsylvania
33) The settlers of Pennsylvania were mainly Quakers, a type of religious faith
34) Quakers were Pacifists, people who do not believe in using violence to settle issues,
35) William Penn’s main settlement in Pennsylvania was at the city of Philadelphia
36) Philadelphia is called, “The City of Brotherly Love” showing the Quaker belief in loving one another and living as Christ wanted.
37) William Penn considered his Pennsylvania colony a “Holy Experiment” in which complete political and religious freedom could be practiced
38) James Ogelthorpe founded the colony of Georgia as a buffer zone between the Seminole Indians in Spanish held Florida and the rich colony to the north South Carolina
39) The Carolinas were settled by the English and eventually split into North Carolina and South Carolina
40) Fundamental Order of Connecticut (1637) Connecticut, the first written Constitution of the American colonies.
Dutch exploration and settlement
1) The Dutch or the country of the Netherlands first settled in North America in modern day New York
2) The Dutch called their colony New Netherlands
3) The main Dutch settlement within the New Netherland colony was called New Amsterdam
4) Colony, is a large area of settlement, think of it like a state
5) Settlement is a smaller area of settlement within the larger colony. Think of the settlement as a city
6) New Amsterdam was located on modern Manhattan Island in New York City, the area where the World Trade Center Towers were attacked 9/11.
7) The English took New Netherlands from the Dutch and renamed it New York after the English owner The Duke of York
8) When the English took over New Netherlands this ended the Dutch in North America
1) Cash Crop, a crop grown in large quantity for sale on a market
2) Plantations, large agricultural estates geared to growing cash crops
3) Sugar Cane, Rice, Indigo, and Tobacco were cash crops in the English Colonies
4) Indentured Servants, were not slaves, they were English people in England who agreed to work for a specified period of time in the American English Colonies if their voyage was paid for. In return for working a set number of years they were given land to farm for their own.
5) Subsistence Farming, the opposite of Cash Crops, Subsistence Farming is where you farm a small parcel of land and grow only enough food to feed your family, NOT FOR SALE.
6) Bacon’s Rebellion, group of farmers who attacked the Natives who had been raiding their homes in Virginia. Bacon and other farmers were mad b/c their voting rights had been restricted and the local govt. was unwilling to fight the Indians to protect their property
7) Middle Passage, middle leg of the Triangular Trade route, the Middle Passage was the ocean area between Africa and the America’s where many slaves died on the way to America
8) Slave Codes, set of laws that formally regulated slavery and defined the relationship between enslaved Africans and free whites
9) New England and Middle Colonies mainly grew Corn, Wheat, Fished on the Outer Banks, and cut Timber for Ship building. NO CASH CROPS.
10) Triangular Trade, Trade from Europe to Africa, Africa to the America’s and the America’s to Europe. (Guns from Europe to Africa for slaves, slaves from Africa to the America’s for sugar, sugar from the America’s to Europe for money is an example)
11) Artisans- skilled people who knew how to manufacture things such as furniture and metals
12) Capitalists- people who have money to invest in new businesses
13) Mercantilism- an ides popular in the 1600’s and 1700’s that for a nation to become wealthy it has to accumulate or acquire gold and silver. Mercantilists also argued that a country should be self sufficient in raw materials where it would not have to buy them from another country.
14) Staple Act (1663) England required everything its colonies in America imported to come through England
15) John Locke, English political philosopher who wrote, Two Treatises On Govt. in which he argue a rulers power came from the people. Locke believed in Natural Rights, rights given to humans at birth by God and no govt. can give them or take them. Locke believed in Life, Liberty and Property. Jefferson used his writings to create the DOI in 1776
16) The Enlightenment, Idea of challenging the authority of the church in science and philosophy and applying Natural Laws to all human institutions. Popular idea during the 17th and 18th centuries
17) Great Awakening, religious revival in colonial America in the early and mid 1700’s
18) Rousseau, French philosopher of the Enlightenment period, wrote the Social Contract, in which he argued that a government should be formed by the consent of the people, who would make their own laws
19) Montesquieu, French philosopher of the Enlightenment period wrote, Spirit of the Laws, argued for three types of political power, Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. He argued for Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances
20) Jonathon Edwards, early 1700’s preacher in New England area who warned followers of hell and that they should repent of their sins and be afraid of hell. Famous sermon, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
21) John Wesley, English preacher who founded the Methodist faith
French and Indian War (FIW)
1) FIW was from 1754-1763
2) FIW began in North America between England and France over control of the Ohio River Valley
3) George Washington became famous for fighting for the British against the French in the FIW
4) 1756 FIW spreads to Europe where it is called the Seven Years War in Europe
5) Albany Plan of Union plan developed by American/English colonists, mainly by Ben Franklin in North America proposing the colonies unite in order to defend themselves from the French during the FIW.
6) 1761 Spain entered the FIW on the side of France against the British
7) 1763, Treaty of Paris, ended the FIW
8) The Treaty of Paris ended French power in North America except for a few off shore islands
9) Proclamation of 1763, England told its American colonies they could not settle any lands west of the Appalachian mtns. so as to avoid upsetting the Indians and causing more fighting. This angered many colonists who wanted the land
10) The British victory in the FIW led Britain to tax its American colonies in order to pay for the FIW. The FIW was a direct cause of the American Revolution then.
11) 1764 Sugar Act, England places a tax on sugar in the American colonies in order to raise $ to pay for the FIW, thus angering the colonists
12) James Otis, American colonist who argued that since the American colonist hand no representation in the English Parliament that it was illegal for England to tax the colonists. “No taxation without representation”
13) Currency Act of 1764, England forbid its American colonies from using paper $ b/c it lost value quickly
14) 1765 Stamp Act, England places a tax on all paper materials within the American colonies. The SA was the first direct tax ever placed on the colonists themselves.
15) Quartering Act, England forces the colonists to pay for housing British troops in the American colonies
16) Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams, were a group of New England men who began to organize meetings in order to talk about and protest the new taxes.
17) 1765 Stamp Act Congress, representatives from the colonies met and sent a letter to King George III. Stating that only the colonists local govt. could tax them not him or England’s parliament
18) Non-importation Agreement, colonists agreed to refused to buy, “boycott” and British goods until Parliament repealed, or did away with the Stamp Act.
19) 1766 Declaratory Act, England’s Parliament responded to the NIA by saying it had the right to tax the American Colonists
20) 1767 Townsend or Revenue Act Britain put a tax on glass, lead and other things in the American colonies
21) Writs of Assistance, British papers that allowed British tax officials to search colonist’s homes to search for evidence of smuggling or not paying taxes
22) Virginia Resolves, 1769, passed by the Virginia House of Burgesses stating that only Virginia had the right to tax Virginians not England’s parliament
23) Daughters of Liberty, Female American Colonists who began to homespin their own cloth material in protest of British taxes
24) Boston Massacre (1770) British troops fire into a crowd of Boston citizens. Crispus Attucks, black man killed here
25) Committees of Correspondence, 1773, created by Jefferson, he suggested each colony create a CoC in order to communicate with other colonies about British activities in the American colonies
26) Tea Act (1773) Stated that the American colonies could only buy English tea from the British East India Company.
27) Boston Tea Party (1773) Several Boston men led by the Sons of Liberty and Samuel Adams dressed as Indians to conceal their identities dumped chests of tea into Boston Harbor in protest of the tea Act.
28) Coercive Acts or Intolerable Acts- Laws intended to punish the citizens of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. 1)Shut down the Boston Port. 2)Banned local govts.in Massachusetts from meeting. 3) Made local MA citizens provide quarter or shelter for British soldiers.4) British officials accused of crimes in the colonies would be tried in England not the colonial courts.