1. Higher Animals, Including Humans, Usually Have a ______

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CHAPTER 47, SECTIONS 1 AND 2
THE CIRCULATORY, LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS AND BLOOD
STUDY GUIDE

THE CIRCULATORY, LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS AND BLOOD NOTES
THE CIRCULATORY AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS AND BLOOD SAMPLE ESSAY TEST

1. Higher animals, including humans, usually have a ______.

2. ______is the body's internal transportation system.

3. Pump by the ______, blood through a network of vessels, carrying ______, ______, and ______to and ______from each of the cells in the human body.

4. ______, ______, and ______make up the Circulatory System.

5. The ______is a hollow, ______organ that contracts at regular intervals, forcing blood through the Circulatory system.

6. The walls of the Heart are made up of Three Layers of Tissue. The outer and inner layers are ______tissue. The middle layer is ______tissue called ______.

7. The Heart can be thought of as ______sitting side by side.

8. Our Heart has ______chambers:

A. The upper chambers are the ______and ______.
B. The lower chambers are the ______and ______.

9. The Right side of the heart pumps from the ______into the ______.

10. Oxygen poor blood is called ______.

11. The Left side of the Heart pumps ______Rich Blood from the ______to the rest of the ______except the ______.

12. The Heart is enclosed in a protective sac of tissue called the ______.

13. Our Heart has FOUR CHAMBERS, the UPPER Chambers of the Heart are the RIGHT AND LEFT ______(ATRIUM), RECEIVE BLOOD COMING INTO THE HEART. The LOWER CHAMBERS are the RIGHT AND LEFT ______, PUMP BLOOD OUT OF THE HEART.

14. Dividing the Right and Left sides is a common wall called the ______. The ______prevents the mixing of Oxygen-poor and Oxygen-rich Blood.

THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART (FROM BODY TO LUNGS, DEOXGENTATED BLOOD)

1. Oxygen-Poor Blood from the body enters the Right side of the Heart through TWO large blood vessels called ______.

2. The ______Vena Cava brings Blood from the UPPER PART OF THE BODY TO THE HEART.

3. The ______Vena Cava brings Blood from the LOWER PART OF THE BODY TO HE HEART.

4. Both VENA CAVA EMPTY INTO THE ______. When the Heart Relaxes (Between Beats), pressure in the circulatory system causes the Atrium to fill with blood.

5. When the Heart CONTRACTS, Blood is squeezed from the RIGHT ______INTO THE RIGHT ______through flaps of tissue calle the ______that prevents blood from flowing back into the Right Atrium called a ______.

6. THE GENERAL PURPOSE OF ALL VALVES IN THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IS TO PREVENT THE ______OF BLOOD. They also ensure that BLOOD FLOWS IN ONLY ______DIRECTION.

7. THE SPECIFIC PURPOSE OF THE TRICUSPID VALVE IS TO PREVENT ______OF BLOOD FROM THE RIGHT ______TO THE RIGHT ______WHEN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE CONTRACTS.

8. When the Heart CONTRACTS a second time, Blood in the RIGHT VENTRICLE IS SENT THROUGH THE ______INTO THE ______. These are the Only Arteries to carry ______-______Blood. At the base of the Pulmonary Arteries is another valve that prevents blood from traveling back into the Right Ventricle.

THE LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART (FROM ______TO ______, ______BLOOD)

1. Oxygen-Rich Blood leaves the Lungs and Returns to the Heart by way of Blood Vessels called the ______. These are the only Veins to carry ______Blood.

2. Returning Blood enters the LEFT ATRUIM, IT PASSES THROUGH THE ______(BICUSPID) INTO THE LEFT VENTRICLE.

3. FROM THE LEFT VENTRICAL, BLOOD IS PUMPED INTO THE ______ARTERY THAT CARRIES IT TO EVERY PART OF THE BODY.

THE HEARTBEAT (CARDIAC CYCLE)

1. ______is the term for CONTRACTION.

2. The term for RELAXATION is ______.

3. If any of the Valves do not close properly, an extra sound called a ______may be heard.

4. This Wave begins in a Small Bundle of Cells embedded in the RIGHT ATRUIM CALLED THE ______. The SA is the Natural ______of the Heart. It initiates each Heartbeat and sets the PACE for the HEART RATE.

5. The Heart initiates its own Stimulation from the ______Node, and Does NOT require Stimulation from the Nervous System.

6. The Autonomic Nervous system does influence Heart Rate. The Sympathetic Nervous System ______HEART RATE and the Parasympathetic Nervous System ______IT.

7. For most of us, at REST our HeartBeats between ______and ______beats per minute. During Exercise that can increase to as many as 200 beats per minute.

BLOOD VESSELS (ARTERIES, VEINS AND CAPILLARIES)

1. After the Blood leaves the Heart, it is pumped through a network of Blood Vessels to different parts of the body.

2. The Blood Vessels that form this network and are part of the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ARE THE ______, ______, AND ______.

3. With the exception of Capillaries and tiny Veins, Blood Vessels have WALLS made of THREE LAYERS OF TISSUE:

A. THE INNER LAYER IS ______TISSUE.

B. THE MIDDLE LAYER IS ______MUSCLE TISSUE.

C. THE OUTER LAYER IS ______TISSUE.

ATERIES AND ARTERIOLES (SMALL ARTERIES)

1. Arteries carry blood from the ______TO ______AND THE REST OF THE BODY.

2. The Walls of Arteries are generally ______than those of Veins.

3. EXCEPT FOR THE ______ARTERIES, ALL ARTERIES CARRY ______-RICH BLOOD.

4. The Artery that carries Oxygen-Rich Blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE to all parts of the body is the ______.

5. THE AORTA WITH A DIAMETER OF 2.5 cm, IS THE ______ARTERY IN THE BODY.

6. THE SMALLEST ARTERIES ARE CALLED______.

CAPILLARIES

1. ARTERIOLES BRANCH INTO NETWORKS OF VERY SMALL BLOOD VESSELES CALLED ______.

2. IT IS IN THE THIN-WALLED (ONE-CELL IN THICKNESS) THAT THE REAL WORK OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IS DONE.

3. The Walls of the Capillaries consist of only one layer of cells, making it easy for Oxygen and Nutrients to ______FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE TISSUE.

VEINS

1. THE FLOW OF BLOOD MOVES FROM CAPILLARIES INTO ______.

2. Veins form a system that ______Blood from every part of the Body and CARRIES it Back to the ______.

3. The smallest Veins are called ______.

4. LIKE ARTERIES, VEINS ARE LINED WITH ______MUSCLE. Vein walls are thinner and less elastic than Arteries. Veins though are more ______and are able to stretch out readily.

5. This flexibility reduces the Resistance the flow of blood encounters on its way back to the Heart.

6. Large Veins contain Valves that maintain the one direction flow of Blood. This is important where Blood must flow against the Force of Gravity.

7. The flow of Blood in Veins is help by Contractions of ______Muscles, especially those in the legs and arms. When muscles contract they squeeze against Veins and help force Blood Toward the Heart.

PATHWAYS OF CIRCULATION

1. Blood moves through the body in a continuous pathway, of which there are TWO MAJOR PARTS; THE ______AND ______CIRCULATION.

2. THE ______CIRCULATION CARRIES BLOOD BETWEEN THE ______AND THE ______. THIS CIRCULATION BEGINS AT THE RIGHT ______AND ENDS AT THE LEFT ______.

3. THE ______ARE THE ONLY ORGANS DIRECTELY CONNECTED TO BOTH CHAMBERS OF THE HEART.

4. ______STARTS AT THE LEFT ______AND ENDS AT THE RIGHT ______, CARRIES BLOOD TO THE REST OF THE BODY.

5. ______CIRCULATION SUPPLIES EACH MAJOR ORGAN WITH BLOOD, INCLUDING THE HEART.

6. The Heart receives its supply of Blood from a PAIR of ______ARTERIES leading from the Aorta.

BLOOD PRESSURE

1. Blood moves through our Circulation System because it is under ______.

2. This Pressure is caused by the ______of the Heart and by Muscles that surround Blood Vessels.

3. A MEASURE OF FORCE THAT BLOOD EXERTS AGAIST A VESSEL WALL IS CALLED ______PRESSURE.

4. Blood Pressure is maintain by TWO WAYS:

A.______
B. ______

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

1. As Blood Circulates throughout the body, ______from the Blood ______into tissue.

2. A NETWORK OF VESSELS KNOWN AS THE ______SYSTEM COLLECTS THE ______AND RETURNS IT TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

3. The loss Fluid is known as ______and is collected in Lymphatic Capillaries and moves to larger Lymph Vessels. Like Veins these vessels contain valves to prevent the back flow of blood.

4. These Lymph Vessels Pass Through small bean-shaped enlargements called ______, WHICH ACTS AS FILTERS AND PRODUCERS OF SPECIAL ______BLOOD CELLS.

BLOOD

1. The function of the Circulatory System is to transport Material in a FLUID Medium throughout the body.

2. THIS FLUID MEDUIM IS CALLED ______. BLOOD IS A TYPE OF LIQUID ______TISSUE THAT HAS MANY FUCTIONS.

3. BLOOD ______NUTRIENTS, DISSOLVED GASES (O2, CO2), ENZYMES, HORMONES, AND WASTE PRODUCTS.

4. BLOOD ______BODY TEMPERATURE, pH, and ELECTROLYTES.

5. BLOOD ______THE BODY FROM INVADERS, AND BLOOD RESTRICTS THE LOSS OF FLUID.

6. Our Bodies contains 4 to 6 liters of Blood.

BLOOD PLASMA

1. Approximately 55 percent of Blood in made up of a Fluid Portion called ______. The remaining 45 percent consist of a ______.

2. Plasma is the Straw-Colored Liquid portion of Blood and is 90 percent water and 10 percent dissolved fats, salts, sugars, and Protein called ______.

3. THE PLASMA PROTEINS ARE DIVIDED INTO THREE TYPES:

A. ______- HELP REGULATE OSMOTIC PRESSURE (MAINTAIN NORMAL BLOOD VOLUME AND BLOOD PRESSURE). THIS IS THE MOST ABUNDANT PLASMA PROTEIN.

B. ______- INCLUDE ANTIBODIES THAT HELP FIGHT OFF INFECTION. ANTIBODIES INITIATE THE DESTRUCTION OF PATHOGENS AND PROVIDE US WITH IMMUNITY.

C. ______- RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ABLITY OF BLOOD TO CLOT.

BLOOD CELLS

THE CELLULAR PORTION OF BLOOD INCLUDES SEVERAL TYPES OF HIGHLY SPECIALIZED CELLS AND CELL FRAGAMENTS. THEY ARE ______BLOOD CELLS (RBC), ______BLOOD CELLS (WBC), AND ______.

RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC) ERTHROCYTES

1. RBC are the most ______of the Blood Cells. One microliter of blood contains approx. 5 million RBCs.

2. RBC are ______, or shaped so that they are narrower in the center than along the edges.

3. RBC are produced from cells in the Bone Marrow, they are gradually filled with ______which forces out the nucleus and other organelles.

4. Mature RBC do not have a Nucleus.

5. ______is the iron-containing protein that gives RBC the ability to carry Oxygen. Hemoglobin gives the RBC their color.

6. RBC stay in circulation for about 120 days before they are destroyed by special WBC in the liver and spleen. RDC in your body are dying and being replace at a rate of about 2 million per second.

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC) LEUKOCYTES

1. Outnumbered by RBC almost 500 to 1.

2. WBC are produced in the ______Marrow, are larger than RBC, almost Colorless, and do not contain Hemoglobin.

3. WBC have a Nucleus and can live for many months or years.

4. THE MAIN FUNCTION OF WBC IS TO ______
______.

5. WBC can destroy bacteria and foreign cells by Phagocytosis (engulfed and digested), some produce special proteins called ______, and some release special chemicals that help the body fight off disease and resist infection.

6. Doctors are able to detect the presence of ______by counting the number of WBC in the blood.

PLATELETS AND BLOOD CLOTTING

1. Platelets are ______Cells; they are tiny Fragments of other Cells.

2. Platelets are formed when small pieces of Cytoplasm are pinched off the large cells called ______, which are found in the Bone Marrow. Their life span is about 5 to 9 days.

3. Platelets play an important role in ______.

4. Platelets help the Clotting process by Clumping together and forming a Plug at the site of a wound and then releasing proteins called ______FACTORS.

5. Clotting Factors start a series of Chemical Reactions that ends with a sticky meshwork of fibrin filaments that stop bleeding by producing a clot.

6. A genetic disorder of Clotting Factors is called ______, suffers may bleed uncontrollably from even a small cut or scrape.

7. Clotting of blood in Vessels can block the flow of blood, if this happens in the brain, brain cells may die, causing a ______.

DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as possible. Answer the question in essay form (not outline form), using complete sentences. You may use diagrams to supplement your answers, but a diagram alone without appropriate discussion is inadequate. See me if you need Help, Have Problems or Questions or To Check Your Answers.

1. State the main functions of the circulatory system.

2. Name the three major parts of the circulatory sytem.

3. Describe the difference between pulmonary circulation and the systemic ciculation.

4. Describe the main parts of the heart.

5. Describe how the two sides of the heart differ in terms of the kind of blood they receive and pump, INCLUDE: Where does the blood come from? How does it enter the heart? How does it exit the heart? Where does it go to?

6. Explain the difference between diastole and systole.

7. How is heart contraction rate controlled?

8. What are the components of Blood, and the function of each component?

9. Compare ateries, veins, and capillaries. In your answer, discuss the types of tissue in them, function, and type of blood generally carried.

10. Describe the structure, operation, and function of the lymphatic system.

11. What are the Three Functions of Blood?

12. Identify the structure that prevents blood from mixing between the left and right sides of the heart. Explain what prevents blood from flowing from the ventricles backward into atria.

13. Identify the structure that controls the heartbeat, and describe the process by which it regulates the heartbeat.

14. Identify the stages and structures involved in the clotting process.