1) Battle of Hastings

England

1) Battle of Hastings-

2) Doomsday (Domesday) Book-

3) Common Law-

4) Hundred Years War-

5) Wars of the Roses-

6) “Bloody Mary”-

7) Stonehenge-

8) Queen Boudica-

9) Alfred The Great-

10) Danegeld-

11) The Venerable Bede-

12) Druids-

13) Pagan-

14) Thomas Becket-

15) Bayeux Tapestry-

16) Joan of Arc-

17) Magna Carta-

18) Parliament

CELTIC AND ROMAN BRITAIN: The “British Melting Pot”

1) The North Sea floods: The land joining Britain. (C. 6000 B.C.)

A) 2500 B.C. “Windmill Hill People”

B)

2) The “Beaker People”, invaded Britain and conquered the Windmill People.

A) 2300 B.C.

B)

C)

PREHISTORIC MONOLITHS:

1) Avebury Stones: 2000-1600 B.C. Was the largest of all open air temples of prehistoric Britain.

2) Stonehenge:

OTHER IMMIGRATIONS FOLLOWED: 1500 B.C.

1) A blending of these immigrant traditions established the distinctive Wesses culture in Britain.

2) The Bronze Age- Organized religion and a priesthood. Also a tribal aristocracy centered around a king-like chief was established.

THE LAST CENTURY B.C.: THE FINAL MIGRATION: Celts to Britain

1) First people of Britain of whom we have much knowledge.

2) Druidism:

A)

3) The two classes within Celtic society that counted most were the

CELTIC BRITAIN AND GAUL:

1) Three ties between Britain and Gaul:

2) The link became even more direct in 75 B.C., when the Belgic tribes of Gaul claimed southeast Britain as their kingdoms.

A) These Gallic Celts dispersed the native Celts from the best lands of SoutheastBritain.

B) The Gallic Celts were the first tribes to face the next invader

INVASIONS OF JULIUS CAESAR: 55-54 B.C.

1) Julius Caesar made two attacks on Britain during his conquest of Gaul.

A) The first expedition

B) The second was

C)

LATER ROMAN CONQUESTS:

For nearly a century after Caesar’s invasions, the Romans left Britain undisturbed. Then in 43 A.D., Emperor Claudius sent an army of some forty to fifty thousand men, commanded by Aulus Plautus, to Britain.

1) This invasion begins four

2) Plautus was appointed as the first

QUEEN BOUDICA’S REVOLT: 61 A.D.

1) On the death of her husband, King Prasutagus, of the Iceni, Boudica’s kingdom was

A) Boudica was assaulted and her daughters were raped.

B) Queen Boudica revolted and led her armies against Rome at

C) She was defeated by She later committed

JULIUS AGRICOLA: 78-85 A.D.

1) Served as governor of Britain. He also completed the conquest of Wales. He extended Roman domination northward to Southern Caledonia.

2) Following Agricola’s return to Rome,

3) Agricola promoted Romanization, he encouraged native Britons to adopt Roman dress and use the Latin language.

DEFENSIVE WALLS IN NORTHERN BRITAIN

1) Emperor Hadrian (117-138 A.D.) “Hadrian’s Wall” 122 A.D.

A)

B)

2) Emperor Antonius Pius (138-161 A.D.) “Antonine Wall”

A)

3) The Romans by now had overextended themselves and rebellious Caledonian tribesman penetrated the Antonine Wall. Rome abandoned it in

ROME WITHDRAWS FROM BRITAIN: 407 A.D.

1) Italy was threatened by political factionalism and barbarian attacks.

2) Under Roman rule, the Britons copied the Mediterranean lifestyles but the Romans did not teach the Britons how to

3) Christianity was the only institution to survive the departure of the Romans.

DEVELOPMENTS IN ENGLAND:

1) Early history was the story of invasions:

A) 1st through 5th century, Britain was ruled by

B) 5th century England was invaded by various

C) English Formula:

D) In the 9th century, England was invaded by the

E) In the 11th century, England was invaded by the

SAXON INVASIONS:

1) As the last legions left, the island was gradually overrun by groups from Northern Germany and Denmark (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes).

2) The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes united to become the Anglo-Saxons. They built settlements, farmed and set up several small kingdoms.

3) Southern Britain became known as

4) The Heptarchy- Seven kingdoms . Formed by the Anglo-Saxons in the early 600s. The seven kingdoms were often at war with one another.

A) Kent was occupied by

B) Essex, Sussex, and Wessex, were settled by

C) East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria were claimed by

MISSIONARIES TO ENGLAND AND IRELAND:

1) Christianization – Three churches existed in England.

A) Old Briton – Church in Wales

B) Iro-Scotch – In Ireland and Scotland

C) Anglo-Saxon – In England. Was in close contact with Rome.

2) Missionaries:

A) St. Patrick: C 389-461 AD. Ireland, known as the “Island of Saints and Scholars” was his field of labor. He spread his message through the island and set up many new churches.

• Ireland lost contact with
• The churches turned to their Abbots for guidance. Many abbots were related to the heads of the different clans and each clan supported its own monastery.
• Many monks began to

B) St. Columba: In 563 he established a monastery at Iona, off the coast of Scotland. He converted many Scots and Picts to Christianity.

• Ireland was Christian, but the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Britain were not. They followed
• Pope Gregory I decided to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. He sent a mission of 41 monks from Rome to England under the leadership of Augustine.

C) St. Augustine: 597. He was allowed to build a church in the town of Canterbury. He taught the people about Christianity.

• The Anglo-Saxons were quick to accept the new religion.
• King Ethelbert of Kent cordially received the missionary party since his Frankish wife was Within a year the monks converted Ethelbert and made his capital, Canterbury, the seat of the archbishopric – a position it still holds today.
• Augustine was the first
• By 700 AD all of England was Christian.

D) Bede: 673-735 AD. Know as “The Venerable Bede.” Some missionaries were sent to England to establish schools. Many of the graduates provided moral leadership and scholarly achievements. The outstanding caliber of his scholarship is exemplified by the title above.

• He also brought to England the Christian way of dating events from

BEOWULF:

Although the English accepted Christianity, the Anglo-Saxons kept much of their old culture. They told the legends about brave warriors fighting monsters and dragons.

• Beowulf is the most important work in

ALFRED THE GREAT: 871-899 A.D. Anglo-Saxon king. He succeeded his brother, Ethelred, as king of Wessex. He was a military veteran by the age of 22.

1) He stopped the Viking advance at Wessex in 871.

2) He established the Danelaw, an area of land north and east of London that would be the home to the Vikings if they accepted Christianity and signed the

A)This arrangement kept the peace between the Vikings (Danes) and theEnglish until 899 A.D. when Alfred died.

3) During Alfred’s reign, England saw a revival of learning.

A) England led the way in

B) Alfred hired new scholars.

C) Scholars translated important books from

D) Alfred’s conception of an English nation stimulated the writing of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

E) He was Saxon England’s greatest

F) He is the only English king acclaimed as “The Great.”

ALFRED’S COMMUNITY: Four levels. Known as “centers of habitation.”

1) Alfred’s kingdom was divided into Shires (later called counties). Each shire had a shire court.

Officials:

• Alderman –
• Shire Reeve –
• Bishop –

2) Hundreds – Shires were divided into Hundreds. Each hundred had its own assembly. It was presided over by the Hundred Reeve.

3) Tun – The agricultural village.

• Urban life was not characteristic of the Anglo-Saxons. The tun was more of an agricultural community than a modern town. Village inhabitants met to draw lots for land tillage, but handled little legal or political business.

4) Borough – In the later Anglo-Saxon period the kings built fortresses in strategic or populous areas for security of the inhabitants and in these centers a market and a borough court of justice became common.

• The borough was created by a charter from the landlord who was usually the king. The charter confirmed many privileges, one of the most valuable being the right of borough residents to collect their own taxes and pay the king a lump sum.
• The rise of the boroughs reflected both the increasing influence of the king and a revival of town life.

WITAN: The king’s council. A Saxon council of nobles started by Alfred the Great (composed of chief nobles of the realm).

1)

2)

3)

THE RECONQUEST OF THE DANELAW:

1) King Edward the Elder (800-925) and his three sons renewed the war against the Danes in an effort to re-conquer the Danelaw.

A) Eric Bloodaxe was defeated at the Battle of Stainmore.

B) England was now united under the leadership of the royal house of Wessex.

SUCCESSION OF WEAK RULERS: In the late tenth century, the English monarchy declined as noble factions asserted themselves against a succession of weak rulers.

1) Athelstan, Edmund I, Edred, Eadwig, Edgar, and Edward The Martyr.

ETHELRED THE UNREADY: 979- 1016, Son of Edgar.

1) Erratic, cruel, and lazy.

A) He could not keep the Danes in Danelaw.

B) He was unable to rally the people against the invaders.

2) He tried to buy off the Danes – pay them to leave England.

A) He levied a heavy tax called

3) He ordered a massacre of all Danes in his kingdom.

A) This brought about

B) The Danes conquered all of England by

4) Ethelred buckled under the pressure. He ran away to the safety of his in-laws in Normandy. He left his

5) In 1016, both Ethelred and his son Edmund Ironside died.

A) Sweyn Forkbeard also died that year.

6) The Saxon Witan, feeling the pressure, named a Danish king,

to be the next king of England.

A) The presence of the Danish army helped the Witan reach the “right” choice.

B) Remember the English hate foreign rule.

CANUTE: (1016-1035) This Danish king was probably the most effective king in Anglo-Saxon English history.

1) He was the first Danish king of England. He proved to be a wise choice.

2) Except for a bodyguard, his army was

3) He eased the strife between English and Dane.

A) He married Ethelred’s wife Emma. She was a Norman.

B) He treated the church generously – and he converted to Christianity, and won the support of the people.

4) Canute added Norway to his English and Danish thrones.

A) The English feared that he was trying to establish a

B) His early death in 1035 cut short any such ambitions; his new empire died with him.

5) Canute’s two sons, Harold I, and Hardicanute, could not win the allegiance of the English.

EDWARD THE CONFESSOR: (1042-1066) The last legitimate Anglo-Saxon king.

1) Chosen by the Witan – brought out of exile. He was forty years old when assuming the throne.

A) He was Saxon on his father’s side and Norman on his mother’s side.

2) He got the name ‘Pious’ because of his devotion to the church.

A) He gave more attention to the church than he did to the government.

3) He showed much favoritism to the Normans and the Anglo-Saxons became hostile.

4) He had a childless marriage. This created big problems for England.

A) His wife was named Edith who was sister to the noble Harold Godwinson.

5) Edward introduced Norman customs to England.

6) His last years were spent in preparing his decision on who would succeed him as king of England.

A) The Witan wanted an Englishman.

FOUR CLAIMS TO THE THRONE:

1) 16 YEAR OLD BOY. Tostig Godwinson a deposed earl of Northumbria, living in exile in Flanders.

2) Harold Hardrada – King of Norway. His claim was based on

3) Harold Godwinson, Earl of Wessex. The Witan selected him.

A) He pledged loyalty to

4) William, Duke of Normandy.

A) He was nephew to Edward.

B)

WARS THREATEN ENGLAND: Three major conflicts.

(1) BATTLE OF FULFORD GATE: September 20, 1066

A) King Harold II’s (Godwinson) brothers-in-law were badly defeated by King Hardrada’s forces.

(2) BATTLE OF STAMFORD BRIDGE: September 28, 1066

A) King Harold II defeated King Hardrada and his own brother Tostig.

B) Hardrada and Tostig died at the battle. The Scandinavians left England.

C) Harold II did not have time to celebrate. William, Duke of Normandy, had landed at Pevensey Bay in Sussex with an army.

CASTLE BUILDING: Power houses of the conquerors.

1) Introduced by

2) Two Types – of simple design:

A) Motte-and-Bailey –

B) Enclosure Castle –

3) Castles of stone eventually replaced timber and earth castles.

4) While the Battle of Stamford Bridge was going on, William, Duke of Normandy had invaded England and had begun to build his castles.

(3) BATTLE OF HASTINGS: October 14, 1066 (Saturday, 9am-dusk)

1) The Pope supported William in this battle because

2) This battle would decide who would be the king of England.

3) A “fight of champions” was declined by Harold II.

4) The battle lasted one day.

5) England had about

A) They were very brave because they were fighting for their homeland.

6) Normans had about

7) Push-and-shove assaults. Both sides were equal to the task.

A)

B)

Anglo-Saxon England perished with Harold’s death.

8) The Norman victory at Hastings stands as a major turning point in English history.

9) December 25, 1066, William, Duke of Normandy was crowned King of England at

A) A new alien aristocracy was imposed upon more than two million Englishmen.

BAYEUX TAPESTRY: It is named after the Norman town where for many years it was displayed annually in the cathedral. It is now preserved in the Bayeux Museum in France.

1)It is

WILLIAM I: 1066-1087, “The Conqueror”

1) William I was a descendant of

2) His claim to the English throne:

A) By right of

B) By right of

C) By right of

3) He built many fortified castles. (The White Tower)

4) In government, he blended the political and social institutions of Anglo-Saxon England with Norman traditions.

5) William’s Conquest:

A) Importance:

B) Result:

C) Effect:

6) Three languages of William’s England:

A) French – The language of the

B) Latin – Language of the

C) Anglo-Saxon – (Old English) The language of the

WILLIAM DEVELOPED A STRONG KINGDOMAND STRENGTHENED HIS ROYAL POWER:

1) During the first five years of his reign, William crushed local resistance with a combination of kindness and cruelty.

2) He built the White Tower.

3) Introduced the European style of Feudalism:

A) He kept the best land to himself.

B) He divided his Demesne among his Norman Barons (Feudal Lords).

4) Created the Salisbury Oath: Feudal lords swore allegiance directly to William I (oath of fealty).

5) Created a large feudal army.

6) Ordered a census taken of his kingdom. The compiled information is called the Doomsday Book.

7) William I changed the Witan into the Great Council (Norman Council)

WILLIAM AND THE CHURCH: Politically he insisted on his right to control the church in England.

1) He had the right to:

A) Approve

B) Approve the issue of

C) Allowed Bishops to

D) Abolished Simony – and enforced a clerical celibacy.

E) Retained the right of

F) Replaced Anglo-Saxon Abbots and Bishops with

DEATH OF WILLIAM: He died on the continent (1087) from injuries received while warring with Philip I of France.

CRUSADES: Were Christian military expeditions undertaken between the 11th and 14th centuries.

1) To recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims.

2) The Crusaders wore a red cloth cross sewn onto their tunics to indicate that they had assumed the cross and were Soldiers of Christ.

3) Causes:

A) Many and complex, but religious beliefs were clearly of major importance.

B) Before the crusades, people would go to the Holy Land as penance or as fulfillment (a Pilgrimage). Crusaders had a dual purpose: Pilgrims and Warriors.

C) Pilgrimages were cut off in the 11th century by the Seljuk Turks.

• The Christian Knights mission was to rescue the Holy Land from the Muslims.
• The Pope gave full support to the cause.
• Knights hoped that freeing the Holy Land would ensure their salvation and help them obtain forgiveness for sins.

First Crusade: 1096-1099

1) Launched by

2) The Crusader’s Battle Cry –

3) Many perished on their way East.

4)The main Christian army (French and Norman knights) captured Antioch – June 3 1098, and then Jerusalem July, 15, 1099.

A) New crusader states formed along the Syrian and Palestinian coast (County of Edessa, Principality of Antioch, County of Tripoli, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem).

Second Crusade: 1147-1149

1) Immediate cause was the loss of Edessa in 1144 to the Muslims.

2) Challenged by St. Bernard of Clairvaux, King Louis VII of France, and German King Conrad III, tried, but failed to take Anatolia.

3) The only success of this crusade was the capture of

Third Crusade: 1188-1192 The Crusade of Kings

1) This crusade was called in response to the conquest of almost all of Palestine including Jerusalem (1187). The leader of the Muslims was

2) The Crusaders were led by:

A) King Philip II of

B) King Frederick I –

C) King Richard I –

D) King Leopold of

3) The crusade disintegrated through attrition and lack of cooperation between the rulers.

Fourth Crusade: 1202-1204

1) Pope Innocent III attempted to reorganize the Crusading efforts under

papal auspices.

2) Christians attacked the Christian city of Zara, in Dalmatia.

3) Later, the Christians laid siege to Constantinople.

Other Crusades During the 13th Century:

Several attempts were made to revive the declining enthusiasm for the Crusades.

1) The Muslims were in firm control of Syria and Palestine.

A) Their devotion to the “Holy War” – Jihad against the Europeans strengthened their resolve.

Children’s Crusade: 1212

After the 4th Crusade, the children’s crusade probably began in the Rhineland and lower Lorraine regions of Europe.

1) In the spring, large crowds of adolescents gathered, a few adults, and a few clerics.

2) Their leader was a boy from Cologne named

A) They said they were

3) Their goal was to capture the

4) Thousands of children perished from hunger and disease or were

Fifth Crusade: 1217-1221

1) An expedition under a Papal Legate tried to strike at the heart of Muslim rulers in Egypt.

A) The harbor of Damietta was taken in 1219.

B) All hope for the Crusaders had failed when the

Sixth Crusade: 1228-1229

During a peaceful expedition to the Holy Land, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, negotiated the return of important pilgrimage sites (Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and Nazareth), without bloodshed.

1) Frederick II crowned himself King of