1. a) Carbon has six protons, six neutrons, and six electrons. Oxygen has eight protons, eight neutrons, and eight electrons. Draw each of these atoms. (1 point)
HINT: Think about the smaller numbers in each element as the number of electrons and the larger as the number of protons and neutrons.

b) Write down the 6 main elements that are found in the body and their chemical symbols.. Do the same thing for the five other elements that are also found in the body in smaller quantities. (1 point)

c) Explain how humans obtain the energy and matter they need in order to survive. (1 point)
HINT: Think about the chemical bonds and what happens to atoms in your body.

d) Why is water so important to all living things? (1 point)
HINT: Think about what organisms are made of.

2. a) Use a diagram to show how ions are formed when a sodium atom comes into close contact with a chlorine atom. (2 points)
HINT: Think about opposite charges.

Use the information from the passage to answer the following questions
Supramolecular chemistry involves the study of noncovalent interactions within and between molecules. For years chemists have focused on studying molecules and compounds that are held together by covalent bonds and ionic bonds, and how these bonds are formed and broken during chemical reactions. But now researchers in supramolecular chemistry are studying the weaker electrostatic attractions and reversible noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding.
b) How are ionic and covalent bonds different from hydrogen bonds? (1 point)
HINT: Think about electron transfer, forces of attraction, and polar water molecules.(1 point)

c) Explain how the boiling of water and the cooling of water vapor is a reversible reaction. (1 point)
HINT: Think about hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

3. a) Macromolecules contain varying amounts of energy, as shown in the table below.

Animals that hibernate in the winter require more fats in their diets. Fat will break down over a longer period of time than carbohydrates and allow the animal to survive the winter.
Describe some other kinds of activities that would benefit the most from each molecule in the table. (2 points)
HINT: Think about how animals use protein and carbohydrates.

b) Energy can cause a chemical reaction to occur, or it can be released by a chemical reaction. Write the equation below that shows how glucose is made with the help of energy. Which are the reactants and which are the products? (2 points)
HINT: Think about what is needed to make glucose in plants.

4. Carbohydrates have chemical bonds that are a good source of energy for living things. A monosaccharide is a carbohydrate made by plants when energy from the sun combines water and carbon dioxide.
How are the two other types of carbohydrates formed? Give examples of each type. (2 points)
HINT: Think about more complex sugars in chains.

5. a) What is the relationship between the nucleotides, nucleic acids, and DNA? (2 points)
HINT: Think about what DNA and nucleic acids are made from.

b) How do nucleotides provide nucleic acids with specific codes? (1 point)
HINT: Think about the structure of nucleotides and the different types of bases found in them.

6. a) How does the structure of fatty acids compare to the basic units found in other macromolecules? Describe one example. (1 points)
HINT: Think about the structure of fatty acids as compared to the long chains found in other macromolecules.

b) Why are fatty acids important to the cell membrane? (1 point)
HINT: Think about how fatty acids and water do not mix. Also think about the structure of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane.

c) Explain how the structure of saturated fats poses a danger to your health. (1 point)
HINT: Think about the shape of the saturated fats and how rigid they are when moving through the bloodstream.

7. a) Protein molecules are the building blocks of the body. They are made up of long chains of amino acids. Draw the general structure of an amino acid. (1 points)
HINT: Think about the carboxyl group, amino group, and side chain.

b) Describe the role of the digestive enzymes and the factors that affect their function. (1 points)
HINT: Think about the effect of enzymes on large macromolecules and what causes enzymes to change.

8. a) Describe how water is important to plants in terms of:
i) making food in plants
ii) the plant's shape
iii) hydrolysis and dehydration
(3 points)
HINT: Think about:
i) production of glucose
ii) water in cells
iii) breaking and creating bonds