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APUSH MID TERM -2017
KEY MNEMONMICS
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God - The First Great Awakening [1739-1744]
Intercolonial religious revivals democratizedReligion and marked a directchallenge to thedeferential thinking thatdominatedthe colonies.
#1 Results of the First Great Awakening (1739-1744)
The creation of “New Light” colleges
Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. The Great Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies.Led by George Whitefield (most of the gatherings were in fields)
One of the first events to unify the colonies. Split denominations thus increasing competitiveness of American churches.Brought religion to many who had lost touch with it. Undermined the older clergy.Encouraged a new wave of missionary work among the Indians and slaves
An easy way to remember the new light colleges is PRINCE RUTGER D. BROWN
They Are Princeton – Rutgers –Dartmouth - Brown
FYI - The Great Awakening had a strong democratic component as people People increasingly had more choice over religion(a highly American trait)
Tyranny, Like Hell, Is Not Easily Conquered
A group of Summer Soldiers and Sunshine Patriots overthrew a
tyrannical monarchy despite the crown's overwhelming military and financial advantages.
#2 British logistical disadvantages- It’s justS.A.Dfor the British
All of these factors helped decide the outcome of the war in favor of the Americans
#1 It is a simple question ofSUPPLIES
3,000 miles of ocean and then lugged around to the entire Eastern seaboard trailing
Noready stream of local supplies and local forces
it's an enormous stretch of land stretching from what would one day be Florida all the way up to Canada
#2 BritishASSUMPTIONSabout the logic of warfare
Unlike more traditional wars there wasn't one central target to attack that could turn the tide of war. It was assumed that if you captured a nation's (symbolically) capital that could push a war to its conclusion.
The British found it extremely difficult to raise troops to fight this war - — and that is that the British found it extremely difficult to raise troops to fight this war. German mercenary troops from a number of different independent German states, and they end up getting lumped under the heading "Hessian.
#3 DifferentDEFINITIONSof victory
The British had to destroy the American cause to emerge victorious
The Americans just had to keep fighting long enough to exhaust British funding and supplies and energy.
Launching the New Ship of State – The Washington Presidency[1789]
A series of key polices and precedents under George Washingtonprovided a legacy of leadership for the young nation.
#3 Hamilton’s Financial Plan - B.E.F.A.T (1791)
Hamilton's financial plan:BANKof the U.S.,EXCISEtax (remember Whiskey?);FUNDINGat Par;ASSUMPTIONof state debts;TARIFF
Why the need for a plan? DEBT!!!!
The Bank of the United States– Hamilton submitted a recommending the chartering of a national bank that would be capitalized at $10 million and would mainly be funded by private investors. The bank would circulate currency and collect and lend $ to the Treasury. But the big question was – did the Constitution allow the creation of the Bank? The debate over the Bank led to the formation of political parties as the Jeffersonian Democrats challenged the Constitutionality of the bank.
An excise tax (a tax on domestic goods) led to a frontier protest from Whiskey farmers in Western Pennsylvania. Washington sent 12,000 troops to put down the rebellion in the first exercise of federal power. A nice case study when comparing domestic rebellion under the Articles of Confederation (Shay’s Rebellion) and the Federal Constitution
Funding at Par - In the Report on Public Credit(1790) – Hamilton proposed that Congressassumestate debts, combine them w/the national debt, and redistribute the burden of the debt equally throughout the states. He also wanted to issue new governmentsecurities covering unpaid interest
Assumption – Hamilton proposed the Federal government assume all the state debt. James Madison, objected to the Assumption Bill because itgave the central government too much power andVirginia already paid their debt. He objected to the new securities b/c he felt it was ripping off the original holders. In the end the passage of the Assumption Billwas exchanged in a series of compromises for thelocation of the capital in the south[on the Potomac].
Tariffs – Hamilton proposed a tariff (tax on imported goods) to generate revenue to pay down the national debt. The tariff would be the major source of revenue for the Federal government until 1913 with the passage of the Federal income tax (Sixteenth Amemendment)
HAMILTON said in hisDefense of the Constitutionality of the Bank(Feb. 1791): the Congress has all the powers it is not specifically denied so if it doesn’t say you can’t you can! POV of thelooseconstructionists. / MADISON (also Jefferson and Randolph) said: no way, if the Constitution doesn’t say you can, you can’t. Besides, the elastic clause only allows fornecessarybills, and this is NOT necessary. POV of thestrict constructionists.
Laying the Cornerstone of Foreign Policy [1793-1796]
Tensions with Britain and France fuel increasingly bitter partisan debates and warnings about the dangers of political parties and permanent foreign alliances.
#4 The Pinckney Treaty (1795) The Jay Treaty (1794) and Pinckney Treaty (1795) are often confused . An easy way to differentiate between the two is to identify the MISS PINCKNEY TREATY because of relation to navigation rights on the MISSissippi River
The Pinckney Treaty provisions:(Spanish concessions) The US was granted free navigation of theMississippi Riverto the U.S. including right of deposit at the port city of New Orleans. This yielded large area north of Florida that had been in dispute for over a decade. The 31st parallel recognized as legal border between U.S. and Spanish Florida.Ratified by Senate in 1796.
FYI – the Jay Treaty (1794)
Treaty/Date / Nations / ProvisionsJay Treaty
1794 / United States/
England / Britain withdrew from forts in Great Lakes
Arbitration of Revolutionary debts
Payment for American shipping losses
U.S. gains improved trading status with Britain
Laying the Cornerstone of Foreign Policy [1793-1796]
Tensions with Britain and France fuel increasingly bitter partisan debates and warnings about the dangers of political parties and permanent foreign alliances.
#5 Washington’s Farewell Address (1796)
In his farewell address Washington warned against evils of political parties and the danger of permanent foreign alliances (like treaty with France). Isolationism became dominant U.S. foreign policy for next 100 years.We departed for this advice…
1898 – The Spanish American and War
1917 – Attempted isolation during World War I. The Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles and the U.S. did not join the League of Nations/
1945 – At the conclusion of World War II the United States joined the United Nations (1945) ending the
$tayAway fromForeignEntanglements. The “$” in this mnemionc is a dollar sign because Washington encouraged commercial ties to build the economy
FYI - REVIEW OF WASHINGTON’s PRECEDENTS
#1President relied on and consulted regularly with his cabinet
#2Chief executive gained the right to choose his own cabinet -- This custom grew out of Congress' respect for Washington
#3Presidential cabinet used to promote domestic programs (Hamilton)
#4Two-term office for president
#5 After Jay resigned, Washington went outside the Supreme Court to select a new Chief Justice
American Sphinx:Thomas Jefferson’s First Termas President [1800-1804]
Jefferson'sfirst termbringselectoral reformandmajor changes in
national policythat directly contradict his strict construction of the US Constitution.
#6 Fun with numbers – Louisiana Purchase (1803) The power of 15
Thomas Jefferson was 3rd President of the United States. He favored limited central government. He was chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; approved of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and promoted ideals of republicanism. He sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore this territory.
The Purchase was finalized in 1803 (18-03 = 15); Jefferson authorized $15 million dollars for the purchase and it ultimately added 15 new states to the United States of America.
The South and the Peculiar Institution
The continuing dominance of large-scale plantation agriculture in the
South affects the social, political, and economic fabric of southern life
#7
It takes 1 day to clean a 1 pound of cotton; The south relies on slaves to pick and process cotton on huge plantations
Eli Whitney creates the Cotton Gin in 1793
Mass production of clean cotton using a machine (Cotton Gin). Transforms America and the world
The Cotton GIn MAKES SLAVERY PAY!!!!!
1 man can now produce 50 pounds of cotton in a day.
By 1830 America produces 50% of the world’s cotton, by 1850 America produces 75% of the world’s cotton.
Each slave becomes 50 times more valuable
Southern states want to expand West and bring slavery with them. This leads to the Compromise of 1850
Nascent Nationalism and Post War Expansion [1815 to 1825]
The War of 1812 stimulated America’s economic growth and gave birth to the “American System,” leading to specialization and inter regional dependency.
#8 Henry Clay’s American System - A plan strengthen and unify the nation
The American System was a plan to strengthen and unify the nation, the American System was advanced by the Whig Party and a number of leading politicians including Henry Clay John Calhoun and John Quincy Adams . The System was a new form of
This mneomic is somewhat regional. We have an engineering school in the Capital District of New York State established in 1824 – R.P.I. Engineers build things – exactly what Henry Clay wanted to do!!
Re-chartering of the Bank
To stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks.
Protective Tariff
Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government
Infrastructure Improvements (such as the Erie Canal)
which would knit the nation together and be financed by thetariff and land sales revenues
Other examples of transportation improvements….
Supreme Justice: John Marshall andNational Supremacy [1819-1824]
Chief Justice John Marshallestablishes the judiciary as a powerful branch of the federal government, and strengthens the national government’s supremacy over the states.
#9 The Marshall Court (1801-1835) C.S. I. Marshall
During his thirty-four years as chief justice (still a record in the Court’s history), John Marshall transformed the Court’s position within the constitutional system and fought a vigorous and skilled battle to uphold federal authority over interstate commerce and in relations between the federal government and the states.The Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall (one of Adam's finest Midnight appointments) used the bench to promote a strong central government
CONTRACTS(Dartmouth vs. Woodward) 1819 alandmark decisiondealing with the application of theContract Clauseof the Constitution. The case arose when the president ofDartmouth Collegewas deposed by itstrustees, leading to theNew Hampshirelegislature attempting to force the college to become a public institution and thereby place the ability to appoint trustees in the hands of the governor. The Supreme Court upheld the sanctity of the original charter of the college, which pre-dated the creation of the State.
SUPREMACY(McCulloch vs. Maryland) 1819
John W. McCullough, cashier of the Baltimore branch of the Bank of the United States, was sued by Maryland because he refused to pay a tax levied on the bank by the state legislature. The case is notable because, in deciding it in favor of the bank, Chief Justice John Marshall interpreted the powers of Congress broadly. The Constitution did not specifically grant Congress the right to create a bank, but a bank was a reasonable way for Congress to exercise powers enumerated in the document. “Let the end be legitimate,” Marshall declared, “and all means which are appropriate … are constitutional.” Since the bank was constitutional and since the Constitution was the supreme law, the state tax on the bank was unconstitutional because “the power to tax involves the power to destroy.”
INTERSTATECommerce (Gibbons vs. Ogden) 1824
Thomas Gibbons and Aaron Ogden were rival ferryboat operators. Ogden had been granted the exclusive right to operate a ferry between New York City and New Jersey by New York State, but Gibbons set up a competing line. When Ogden sued, the Supreme Court decided that the New York law was unconstitutional because it interfered with interstate commerce, a prerogative of the federal government. By defining commerce as “intercourse” (and not merely as the movement of goods), the Court laid the basis for the later federal regulation of navigation, radio, and television, and other forms of transportation and communication.
Vindicating Jackson - The Election of 1828 and the Rise of the Two-Party System
The Presidential election of 1828 witnessed Andrew Jackson, the hero of New Orleans and a man of the people, bounce back from his controversial loss four years earlier to unseat John Quincy Adams
#10 The Age of Jackson - The Jacksonian C.U.S.P (1828)
The election of Andrew Jackson in 1828 initiates a new and more democratic era in American political and social history.A "cusp" can be defined as a point of transition (as from one historical period to the next). The age of the common man
CAUCUSsystem is replaced by conventions
UNIVERSAL (white male)
SUFFRAGE
POPULARelections
#1. "King Caucus" ( closed door meeting of congressional party leaders) – Jeffersonian members of Congress met in caucus to nominate presidential and vice-presidential candidates. This will be replaced by national nominating conventions
#2Universal male suffrage – New western states had liberal voter qualifications and the trend towards universal male suffrage took hold elsewhere
#3Popular elections (and Presidential campaigning) By 1832, in most states, voters, rather than the state’s legislators chose a state’s slate of presidential electors.
The North and the Market Revolution
The acceleration of a national and international market economy created regional politicaland economic loyalties that often continued to overshadow national concerns.
How does this image represent the Market Revolution? The northern states by the Antebellum Period, the market was booming. The market society has commercial, consumerist mentalities, and its belief--eventually, its faith in, its defense of--free labor for the common man.
#11 The Market Revolution (1815 to 1860) - iTRIP