Table S1 Results of MANOVA(Multivariate Analysis of Variance) on the Effects Of

Table S1 Results of MANOVA(Multivariate Analysis of Variance) on the effects of Pediculariskansuensisremoval, block, and a removal × blockinteraction on the aboveground biomass of four plant functional groups in the experimental plots

Effect / d. f. / F / P
Removal / 4,17 / 193.98 / < 0.001
Block / 36,80 / 2.10 / 0.003
Block× removal / 36,80 / 2.43 / 0.001

Table S2Results of ANOVA on the effects of P.kansuensisremoval, block, and a removal × blockinteraction on the biomass of four plant functional groups in the experimental plots

Functional groups / Effect / d. f. / F / P
Grass / Removal / 1,9 / 44.40 / 0.02
Block / 9,9 / 1.00 / 0.51
Removal × Block / 9,20 / 1.24 / 0.33
Sedge / Removal / 1,9 / 4.91 / 0.06
Block / 9,9 / 1.31 / 0.35
Removal × Block / 9,20 / 2.33 / 0.06
Legume / Removal / 1,9 / 122.16 / ＜0.001
Block / 9,9 / 0.68 / 0.71
Removal × Block / 9,20 / 4.72 / 0.002
Forb / Removal / 1,9 / 4.34 / 0.07
Block / 9,9 / 0.30 / 0.96
Removal × Block / 9,20 / 5.39 / 0.001

Table S3 Principal components (PCs) extracted from a principal component analysis and the proportions of variance in total biomass and cover explained

PC / Biomass / Cover
Total / Variance (%) / Cumulative variance(%) / Total / Variance (%) / Cumulative variance(%)
1 / 11.67 / 43.23 / 43.23 / 5.41 / 20.03 / 20.03
2 / 3.59 / 13.30 / 56.53 / 3.08 / 11.41 / 31.43
3 / 2.88 / 10.66 / 67.18 / 2.94 / 10.87 / 42.31
4 / 1.76 / 6.52 / 73.70 / 2.68 / 9.91 / 52.22
5 / 1.53 / 5.68 / 79.38 / 1.76 / 6.50 / 58.72
6 / 1.31 / 4.86 / 84.25 / 1.52 / 5.61 / 64.33
7 / 1.09 / 4.02 / 88.27 / 1.38 / 5.11 / 69.45
8 / 1.06 / 3.94 / 92.20 / 1.09 / 4.02 / 73.47
9 / 1.01 / 3.72 / 77.19

Table S4Principal component matrix of species biomass (26 species)

Species / Principal Component
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Elymusnutans / 0.847 / 0.217 / 0.138 / −0.104 / –0.018 / 0.101 / 0.027 / 0.358
Leymussecalinus / 0.857 / 0.207 / 0.063 / −0.067 / 0.278 / 0.043 / 0.095 / 0.165
Stipapurpurea / 0.803 / 0.264 / 0.190 / −0.006 / 0.377 / 0.220 / 0.159 / 0.038
Kobresiahumilis / 0.141 / –0.071 / 0.151 / 0.028 / 0.181 / 0.057 / –0.104 / 0.933
Kobresiacapillifolia / 0.426 / 0.378 / 0.124 / 0.001 / 0.194 / 0.672 / –0.243 / –0.234
Astragalusadsurgens / 0.927 / 0.015 / –0.130 / 0.013 / –0.068 / 0.159 / –0.200 / –0.075
Oxytropiskansuensis / 0.905 / 0.093 / 0.193 / −0.078 / 0.153 / 0.228 / 0.052 / –0.137
Medicago ruthenic / 0.513 / 0.417 / –0.073 / 0.137 / 0.100 / 0.056 / 0.525 / 0.398
Tibetiahimalaica / 0.728 / 0.204 / 0.453 / 0.157 / 0.215 / 0.108 / 0.215 / 0.189
Potentillaanserina / 0.759 / 0.162 / 0.302 / 0.152 / 0.404 / 0.057 / –0.035 / 0.077
Potentillamultifida / 0.351 / 0.382 / 0.455 / 0.522 / –0.037 / 0.159 / –0.040 / 0.017
Taraxacumdissectum / 0.356 / 0.278 / –0.072 / −0.104 / 0.254 / 0.673 / 0.331 / 0.131
Leontopodiumnanum / 0.033 / –0.083 / 0.949 / –0.022 / 0.148 / 0.114 / –0.036 / 0.017
Ixeridiumgramineum / 0.235 / –0.041 / 0.050 / 0.882 / 0.156 / –0.060 / –0.207 / 0.006
Artemisia capillaris / –0.538 / –0.264 / 0.203 / –0.008 / –0.575 / –0.268 / –0.042 / –0.217
Artemisia frigida / –0.128 / –0.818 / 0.341 / 0.086 / –0.288 / –0.209 / 0.109 / 0.027
Saussureamelanotrica / 0.418 / –0.087 / –0.113 / –0.767 / 0.077 / 0.193 / –0.013 / –0.032
Saussureapulchra / 0.391 / –0.114 / 0.151 / –0.521 / 0.353 / –0.538 / 0.229 / 0.142
Gentianopsispaludosa / 0.007 / 0.114 / –0.087 / 0.210 / –0.001 / –0.054 / –0.934 / 0.149
Swertiamussotii / 0.210 / 0.870 / 0.150 / 0.014 / –0.022 / 0.305 / 0.055 / –0.081
Gentianamacrophylla / 0.418 / 0.741 / 0.190 / 0.236 / –0.229 / –0.087 / –0.063 / 0.083
Lanceatibetica / 0.447 / 0.210 / 0.429 / 0.061 / 0.595 / –0.259 / 0.129 / 0.267
Ranunculus tanguticus / 0.564 / 0.345 / 0.644 / 0.211 / 0.147 / –0.015 / 0.043 / 0.149
Geranium pylzowianum / 0.050 / –0.061 / 0.668 / 0.520 / 0.065 / –0.198 / 0.377 / 0.247
Dracocephalumheterophyllum / –0.421 / –0.123 / –0.150 / 0.288 / 0.009 / –0.755 / –0.108 / –0.230
Plantagodepressa / 0.341 / –0.148 / 0.284 / 0.038 / 0.820 / 0.127 / –0.029 / 0.098

Table S5 Principal component matrix of species cover (26 species)

Species / Principal Component
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Elymusnutans / 0.569 / 0.291 / 0.101 / –0.118 / –0.140 / –0.133 / –0.002 / 0.207 / –0.086
Leymussecalinus / 0.487 / 0.225 / 0.405 / –0.230 / 0.271 / 0.050 / 0.181 / –0.039 / 0.039
Stipapurpurea / 0.753 / 0.182 / 0.182 / –0.137 / –0.177 / –0.032 / –0.313 / 0.033 / –0.473
Kobresiahumilis / 0.097 / –0.090 / 0.278 / 0.050 / –0.283 / –0.039 / 0.010 / 0.440 / 0.204
Kobresiacapillifolia / 0.097 / –0.025 / –0.039 / 0.015 / –0.370 / 0.051 / 0.128 / –0.130 / 0.404
Astragalusadsurgens / 0.431 / –0.108 / –0.142 / 0.209 / 0.310 / 0.185 / 0.074 / 0.208 / 0.224
Oxytropiskansuensis / 0.150 / 0.490 / –0.292 / 0.053 / 0.182 / –0.161 / –0.134 / –0.077 / 0.293
Medicago ruthenic / 0.758 / –0.089 / –0.139 / 0.120 / 0.095 / –0.075 / –0.121 / –0.070 / 0.013
Tibetiahimalaica / –0.780 / 0.264 / –0.236 / 0.236 / –0.059 / –0.102 / –0.040 / 0.126 / –0.167
Potentillaanserina / 0.129 / –0.025 / 0.813 / –0.121 / 0.148 / 0.289 / 0.042 / 0.048 / 0.002
Potentillamultifida / 0.112 / 0.257 / 0.198 / –0.436 / 0.180 / 0.024 / –0.042 / 0.173 / 0.043
Taraxacumdissectum / –0.095 / 0.346 / 0.050 / 0.064 / 0.832 / 0.164 / 0.017 / –0.036 / 0.076
Leontopodiumnanum / 0.173 / –0.557 / –0.249 / 0.055 / –0.236 / 0.331 / 0.568 / 0.298 / 0.009
Ixeridiumgramineum / 0.012 / 0.014 / –0.278 / 0.852 / 0.032 / 0.209 / –0.092 / –0.018 / 0.165
Artemisia capillaris / –0.850 / –0.113 / 0.116 / 0.031 / 0.088 / –0.039 / 0.879 / 0.003 / 0.068
Artemisia frigida / –0.161 / –0.016 / –0.195 / 0.093 / 0.005 / –0.091 / 0.185 / 0.013 / 0.039
Saussureamelanotrica / –0.085 / 0.231 / 0.306 / –0.096 / 0.276 / 0.249 / –0.233 / –0.473 / 0.148
Saussureapulchra / 0.167 / 0.873 / 0.036 / 0.198 / 0.542 / –0.254 / –0.132 / –0.381 / –0.251
Gentianopsispaludosa / 0.100 / 0.306 / –0.647 / –0.038 / 0.175 / 0.008 / –0.058 / 0.009 / –0.243
Swertiamussotii / –0.097 / 0.004 / –0.051 / –0.070 / –0.221 / –0.707 / 0.141 / 0.493 / 0.054
Gentianamacrophylla / –0.301 / 0.243 / 0.032 / 0.122 / –0.096 / –0.033 / –0.030 / –0.808 / 0.054
Lanceatibetica / 0.145 / –0.466 / 0.028 / 0.077 / 0.038 / 0.864 / 0.093 / 0.101 / –0.199
Ranunculus tanguticus / –0.096 / 0.240 / –0.086 / 0.143 / –0.056 / –0.002 / 0.028 / –0.066 / 0.019
Geranium pylzowianum / 0.093 / 0.334 / 0.775 / –0.036 / 0.014 / –0.192 / –0.054 / –0.101 / –0.125
Dracocephalumheterophyllum / –0.884 / 0.053 / 0.065 / –0.039 / 0.042 / –0.244 / –0.005 / 0.000 / 0.862
Plantagodepressa / 0.279 / –0.132 / –0.037 / –0.542 / –0.309 / –0.103 / 0.570 / 0.225 / –0.201

Table S6Results of an eigenvector–based MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) on the effects of P.kansuensisremoval, block, and a removal × blockinteraction on biomass in the experimental plots

Effect / d. f. / F / P
Removal / 8,13 / 83.56 / < 0.001
Block / 72,160 / 10.25 / 0.001
Block× removal / 72,160 / 5.52 / 0.001

Table S7 Results of an eigenvector–based MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) on the effects of P.kansuensisremoval, block, and a removal × blockinteraction on species cover in the experimental plots

Effect / d. f. / F / P
Removal / 9,12 / 131.97 / < 0.001
Block / 81,180 / 2.00 / 0.001
Block× removal / 81,180 / 2.243 / 0.001

Table S8 Biomass and cover of each PC in naturally parasitized (Parasitized) quadrats and in quadrats from which parasites were removed (Removed)

Principal components / Biomass (g)
Parasitized Removed / Cover (%)
Parasitized Removed
PC1 / 3.667±0.072 / 6.755±0.083*** / 0.036±0.008 / 0.326±0.005***
PC2 / 1.178±0.161 / 2.909±0.082*** / 0.198±0.021 / 0.437±0.011***
PC3 / 3.065±0.108 / 4.273±0.081*** / 0.157±0.021 / 0.220±0.017*
PC4 / 0.774±0.065 / 0.731±0.078 / 0.118±0.021 / 0.034±0.015***
PC5 / 2.370±0.081 / 4.436±0.066*** / 0.020±0.020 / 0.043±0.014
PC6 / 2.688±0.147 / 4.131±0.071*** / –0.026±0.019 / –0.010±0.019
PC7 / –0.807±0.071 / –0.291±0.064*** / 0.046±0.019 / 0.019±0.013
PC8 / 6.258±0.382 / 7.833±0.276*** / 0.044±0.019 / 0.098±0.015*
PC9 / 0.062±0.014 / 0.068±0.015

Note: *P 0.05, **P 0.01, ***P 0.001.

Table S9 Results of MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) on the effects of P.kansuensisremoval, block, and a removal × blockinteraction on three diversity indices (richness, evenness, and Shannon–Wiener diversity) in the experimental plots

Effect / d. f. / F / P
Removal / 3,18 / 64.60 / < 0.001
Block / 27,60 / 2.29 / 0.004
Block× removal / 27,60 / 2.00 / 0.013

Table S10Results of ANOVA on the effects of P.kansuensisremoval, block, and a removal × blockinteraction on diversity indices in the experimental plots

Diversity index / Effect / d. f. / F / P
Shannon–Wiener index / Removal / 1,9 / 35.62 / ＜0.001
Block / 9,9 / 1.85 / 0.19
Removal × Block / 9,20 / 1.59 / 0.19
Evenness index / Removal / 1,9 / 1.49 / 0.25
Block / 9,9 / 0.86 / 0.59
Removal × Block / 9,20 / 3.77 / 0.006
Richness index / Removal / 1,9 / 26.86 / 0.001
Block / 9,9 / 0.70 / 0.70
Removal × Block / 9,20 / 2.304 / 0.06